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. 2025 Jun 21;29(7):346.
doi: 10.1007/s00784-025-06426-x.

The potential of resolvin D2 loaded hydroxyapatite/mineral trioxide aggregate electrospun membranes to downregulate Interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in human dental pulp stem cells and macrophages co-cultures

Soumya Sheela  1 , Fatma Mousa AlGhalban  1 , Khalil Abdelrazek Khalil  2 , Vellore Kannan Gopinath  3   4
Affiliations

The potential of resolvin D2 loaded hydroxyapatite/mineral trioxide aggregate electrospun membranes to downregulate Interleukin 1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha in human dental pulp stem cells and macrophages co-cultures

Soumya Sheela et al. Clin Oral Investig. .

Abstract

Objective: To develop electrospun polycaprolactone (PCL) membranes incorporating Hydroxyapatite/Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (HAp/MTA) loaded with Resolvin D2 (RvD2) and evaluate its anti-inflammatory potential.

Method: Electrospun membranes were fabricated by blending PCL with 10 wt.% HAp/10 wt.% MTA loaded with or without 0.1% RvD2 and were characterized using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, contact angle measurements, and RvD2 release.

Results: The field emission scanning microscopy (FE-SEM) showed uniform nanofibers with an average fiber diameter ranging from 300 to 600 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the presence of HAp and MTA in the PCL membranes. The drug release profile displayed a rapid release of RvD2 initially, followed by a sustained release. XTT assay demonstrated the cytocompatibility of the membranes towards the THP-1-derived M1 macrophages and human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) co-cultures activated with LPS. The FE-SEM studies proved the favorable cell adhesion behaviour although the membranes being hydrophobic. Cytokine levels in the culture supernatants retrieved from the co-culture treated membranes showed that, of all the membranes, RvD2 incorporated PCLHAp/MTA membranes demonstrated reduced IL-1β and TNF-α production.

Conclusions: RvD2 incorporated PCLHAp/MTA membranes demonstrated reduced IL-1β and TNF-α production asserting its anti-inflammotory potential.

Clinical significance: This research highlights the immunomodulatory effect of RvD2-loaded PCLHAp/MTA electrospun membranes in reducing inflammation of the dental pulp. This novel method has the potential to transform the treatment of dental pulp inflammation resulting from caries or injury.

Keywords: IL-1β; M1 macrophage; PCL electrospun membrane; RvD2; TNF-α; hDPSCs.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethical statement: The present research was approved by the Research and Ethics Committee, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE (Ref No. REC-19-03-04-01). Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

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