Esophageal and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: Clinical Recommendations From the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility

doi:10.1002/ueg2.70062

Practice Guideline

. 2025 Jul;13(6):855-901.

doi: 10.1002/ueg2.70062. Epub 2025 Jun 21.

Esophageal and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: Clinical Recommendations From the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility

Amir Mari^{1

2}, Francesco Calabrese^{3

4}, Andrea Pasta^{3

4}, Greta Lorenzon⁵, Bas Weusten^{6

7}, Jutta Keller⁸, Pierfrancesco Visaggi^{9

10}, Sabine Roman¹¹, Elisa Marabotto^{3

4}, Ram Dickman^{12

13}, Jordi Serra^{14

15}, Nicola De Bortoli⁹, Paola Iovino¹⁶, Daniel Pohl¹⁷, Dan Dumitrascu¹⁸, Mentore Ribolsi¹⁹, Claudia Barber^{14

15}, Serhat Bor²⁰, Mark Fox^{21

22}, Rami Sweiss²³, Vicente Lorenzo-Zuniga^{24

25}, Filiz Akyuz²⁶, Matteo Ghisa⁵, Altay Celebi²⁷, Fahmi Shibli^{28

29}, Rainer Dziewas^{30

31}, Ismail Hakkı Kalkan³², Jan Tack^{33

34}, Pere Clavé^{35

36}, Silvia Carrion^{35

36}, Ivy Cheng^{37

38}, Noemi Tomsen^{35

36}, Omar Ortega^{35

36}, Sergio Marin Rubio^{35

36}, Nicole Pizzorni³⁹, Emilia Michou⁴⁰, Julie Regan⁴¹, Shaheen Hamdy⁴², Nathalie Rommel^{43

44}, Martina Scharitzer⁴⁵, Olle Ekberg⁴⁶, Antonio Schindler³⁹, Renee Speyer⁴⁷, Anna Gillman^{41

48}, Frank Zerbib⁴⁹, Edoardo V Savarino^{5

50}

Affiliations

¹ Gastroenterology Unit, Nazareth EMMS Hospital, Nazareth, Israel.
² The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
³ Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
⁴ IRCCS Policlinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
⁵ Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
⁶ Department of Gastroenterology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
⁷ Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
⁸ Israelitic Hospital Hamburg, Academic Hospital University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
⁹ Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
¹⁰ Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.
¹¹ Digestive Physiology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital E Herriot, Lyon I University, LabTAU INSERM, Lyon, France.
¹² Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
¹³ Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
¹⁴ Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁵ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁶ Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
¹⁷ Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁸ Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj County Clinical Emergency Hospotal, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
¹⁹ Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Campus Bio Medico University, Rome, Italy.
²⁰ Division of Gastroenterology & Ege Reflux Team, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
²¹ Digestive Function: Basel, Laboratory and Clinic for Motility Disorders and Functional Digestive Diseases, Centre for Integrative Gastroenterology, Arlesheim, Switzerland.
²² Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
²³ GI Physiology Unit, University College London Hospital, London, UK.
²⁴ La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital/IISLaFe, Valencia, Spain.
²⁵ Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
²⁶ Department of Gastroenterology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
²⁷ Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
²⁸ Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.
²⁹ Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
³⁰ Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinikum Osnabrück - Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Münster, Osnabrück, Germany.
³¹ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
³² Department of Gastroenterology, Türkiye Yüksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
³³ Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
³⁴ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
³⁵ Gastrointestinal Physiology Lab, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain.
³⁶ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
³⁷ Academic Unit of Human Communication, Learning and Development, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
³⁸ Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Gastroenterology, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
³⁹ Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁰ Department of Speech Language Therapy, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
⁴¹ Department of Clinical Speech & Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴² Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, GI Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁴³ Department of Neurosciences, ExpORL, Deglutology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴⁴ Department of Gastroenterology, Neurogastroenterology and Motility, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴⁵ Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁴⁶ Department of Translational Medicine/Radiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
⁴⁷ School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
⁴⁸ Speech and Language Therapy Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴⁹ Department of Gastroenterology, CHU de Bordeaux, Centre Médico-Chirurgical Magellan, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, INSERM CIC 1401, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
⁵⁰ Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova, Padua, Italy.

PMID: 40543044
PMCID: PMC12269739
DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.70062

Practice Guideline

Esophageal and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: Clinical Recommendations From the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility

Amir Mari et al. United European Gastroenterol J. 2025 Jul.

. 2025 Jul;13(6):855-901.

doi: 10.1002/ueg2.70062. Epub 2025 Jun 21.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Gastroenterology Unit, Nazareth EMMS Hospital, Nazareth, Israel.
² The Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
³ Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.
⁴ IRCCS Policlinic San Martino Hospital, Genoa, Italy.
⁵ Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
⁶ Department of Gastroenterology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands.
⁷ Department of Gastroenterology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
⁸ Israelitic Hospital Hamburg, Academic Hospital University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
⁹ Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
¹⁰ Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy.
¹¹ Digestive Physiology, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hopital E Herriot, Lyon I University, LabTAU INSERM, Lyon, France.
¹² Division of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Hospital, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
¹³ Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
¹⁴ Digestive System Research Unit, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁵ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain.
¹⁶ Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.
¹⁷ Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
¹⁸ Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj County Clinical Emergency Hospotal, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
¹⁹ Unit of Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Campus Bio Medico University, Rome, Italy.
²⁰ Division of Gastroenterology & Ege Reflux Team, School of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey.
²¹ Digestive Function: Basel, Laboratory and Clinic for Motility Disorders and Functional Digestive Diseases, Centre for Integrative Gastroenterology, Arlesheim, Switzerland.
²² Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, Zürich, Switzerland.
²³ GI Physiology Unit, University College London Hospital, London, UK.
²⁴ La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital/IISLaFe, Valencia, Spain.
²⁵ Catholic University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain.
²⁶ Department of Gastroenterology, Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
²⁷ Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
²⁸ Institute of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel.
²⁹ Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
³⁰ Department of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinikum Osnabrück - Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Münster, Osnabrück, Germany.
³¹ Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany.
³² Department of Gastroenterology, Türkiye Yüksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey.
³³ Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
³⁴ Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
³⁵ Gastrointestinal Physiology Lab, Hospital de Mataró, Consorci Sanitari del Maresme, Mataró, Spain.
³⁶ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
³⁷ Academic Unit of Human Communication, Learning and Development, Faculty of Education, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
³⁸ Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Gastroenterology, Centre for Gastrointestinal Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
³⁹ Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
⁴⁰ Department of Speech Language Therapy, School of Health Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.
⁴¹ Department of Clinical Speech & Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴² Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, GI Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
⁴³ Department of Neurosciences, ExpORL, Deglutology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴⁴ Department of Gastroenterology, Neurogastroenterology and Motility, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
⁴⁵ Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
⁴⁶ Department of Translational Medicine/Radiology, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden.
⁴⁷ School of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Nursing & Health Sciences, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland.
⁴⁸ Speech and Language Therapy Department, Tallaght University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
⁴⁹ Department of Gastroenterology, CHU de Bordeaux, Centre Médico-Chirurgical Magellan, Hôpital Haut-Lévêque, INSERM CIC 1401, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.
⁵⁰ Gastroenterology Unit, Azienda Ospedale Università di Padova, Padua, Italy.

PMID: 40543044
PMCID: PMC12269739
DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.70062

Erratum in

Correction to "Esophageal and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: Clinical Recommendations From the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility".
[No authors listed] [No authors listed] United European Gastroenterol J. 2025 Jul 31. doi: 10.1002/ueg2.70088. Online ahead of print. United European Gastroenterol J. 2025. PMID: 40746046 No abstract available.

Abstract

Dysphagia is a prevalent symptom of the upper gastrointestinal tract causing health related consequences, impacting quality of life and is associated with global economic burden. Swallowing difficulties are classified into oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) and esophageal dysphagia. Despite its clinical importance, dysphagia is associated with several uncertainties regarding its optimal diagnostic work-up and management, particularly, considering the progress with diagnostic modalities and technologies. A Delphi consensus was performed with experts from various disciplines who conducted a literature summary and voting process on 41 statements. Quality of evidence was evaluated using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation criteria. Consensus was reached for all the statements. The panel agreed with the definition and prevalence of esophageal and OD types. The role of endoscopy, high-resolution manometry, EndoFLIP, barium swallow and other imaging tests in evaluating esophageal dysphagia has reached overall strong agreement. Videofluoroscopic swallow study, alongside fiber-endoscopic evaluation of swallowing, as the methods of choice for the instrumental assessment of oropharyngeal dysfunction is a strong recommendation. Regarding treatment, a weak recommendation was achieved for the use of PPIs, calcium-channel blockers, nitrates, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, antidepressants or peppermint oil for the treatment of hypercontractile esophagus. A strong recommendation exists for endoscopic and surgical treatment of achalasia, while a weak recommendation is provided for other esophageal motility disorders. Regarding OD, a weak recommendation was achieved for swallow therapy, to improve swallowing mechanics, reduce symptoms, and enhance quality of life. Swallow therapy could be more effective when using validated assessment tools, consistent treatment parameters, and considering long-term follow-up. A multinational group of European experts summarized the current state of consensus on the definition, diagnosis, and management of dysphagia.

Keywords: Delphi consensus; barium swallow; diagnosis; dysphagia; esophageal motility disorders; high resolution manometry (HRM); management; oropharyngeal dysphagia; workup.

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Conflict of interest statement

Amir Mari, Francesco Calabrese, Greta Lorenzon, Bas Weusten, Jutta Keller, Pierfrancesco Visaggi, Ram Dickman, Jordi Serra, Nicola De Bortoli, Paola Iovino, Dan Dumitrascu, Mentore Ribolsi, Claudia Barber, Serhat Bor, Mark Fox, Rami Sweiss, Vicente Lorenzo‐Zuniga, Filiz Akyuz, Matteo Ghisa, Altay Celebi, Fahmi Shibli, Rainer Dziewas, Ismail Hakkı Kalkan, Jan Tack, Pere Clavé, Silvia Carrion, Ivy Cheng, Noemi Tomsen, Omar Ortega, Sergio Marin Rubio, Nicole Pizzorni, Emilia Michou, Julie Regan, Nathalie Rommel, Martina Scharitzer, Olle Ekberg, Antonio Schindler, Renee Speyer, and Anna Gillman: no conflict of interest to declare; Andrea Pasta: Consultant for FenixPharma; Sabine Roman: Consultant for Dr Falk Pharma, Sanofi; Research support from Medtronic, Diversatek Healthcare; Elisa Marabotto: Consultant AlphaSigma, Dr. Falk; Daniel Pohl: Consultant and Speaker Medtronic; Shaheen Hamdy: Chief Scientific Officer of Phagenesis Ltd, and holds stocks/shares in that company; Frank Zerbib: Consultant for Medtronic, Dr Falk Pharma, Bioprojet, Sanofi, AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb; Edoardo V. Savarino: Speaker for Abbvie, Abivax, Agave, AGPharma, Alfasigma, Apoteca, Biosline, CaDiGroup, Celltrion, Dr Falk, EG Stada Group, Fenix Pharma, Galapagos, Johnson & Johnson, JB Pharmaceuticals, Innovamedica/Adacyte, Eli Lilly, Malesci, Mayoly Biohealth, Montefarco, Novartis, Omega Pharma, Pfizer, Rafa, Reckitt Benckiser, Sandoz, Sanofi/Regeneron, SILA, Sofar, Takeda, Tillots, Unifarco; has served as consultant for Abbvie, Agave, Alfasigma, Biogen, Bristol‐Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Dr. Falk, Eli Lilly, Fenix Pharma, Ferring, Giuliani, Grunenthal, Johnson & Johnson, JB Pharmaceuticals, Merck & Co, Nestlè, Pfizer, Reckitt Benckiser, Sanofi/Regeneron, SILA, Sofar, Takeda, Unifarco; he received research support from Bonollo, Difass, Pfizer, Reckitt Benckiser, Sanofi/Regeneron, SILA, Sofar, Unifarco, Zeta Farmaceutici.

Figures

**FIGURE 1**
Diagnostic approach for esophageal dysphagia. CT, computer tomography; EUS, endoscopic ultrasound; FLIP, functional lumen imaging probe; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging.

**FIGURE 2**
Therapeutic approach for esophageal dysphagia. CCBs, calcium channel blockers; EGJ‐OO, esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction; POEM, peroral endoscopic myotomy; PPIs, proton pump inhibitors; SARI, serotonin antagonist and reuptake inhibitors; SNRIs, serotonin‐norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors; SSRIs, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors; TCAs, tricyclic antidepressants.

**FIGURE 3**
Diagnostic approach for oropharyngeal dysphagia. CT, computed tomography; ENT, ear, nose, and throat; EUS, endoscopic ultrasonography; FEES, fiberoptic endoscopic evaluation of swallowing; MRI, magnetic resonance imaging; VFSS, videofluoroscopic swallowing study.

**FIGURE 4**
Therapeutic approach for oropharyngeal dysphagia. UES, upper esophageal sphincter.

See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

1. Adkins C., Takakura W., Spiegel B. M. R., et al., “Prevalence and Characteristics of Dysphagia Based on a Population‐Based Survey,” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 18, no. 9 (2020): 1970–1979.e2, 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.10.029. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Dellon E. S. and Hirano I., “Epidemiology and Natural History of Eosinophilic Esophagitis,” Gastroenterology 154, no. 2 (2018): 319–332.e3, 10.1053/J.GASTRO.2017.06.067. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Clavé P. and Shaker R., “Dysphagia: Current Reality and Scope of the Problem,” Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 12, no. 12 (2015): 259–270, 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.49. - DOI - PubMed
1. Zuercher P., Moret C. S., Dziewas R., and Schefold J. C., “Dysphagia in the Intensive Care Unit: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Management,” Critical Care 23, no. 1 (2019): 103, 10.1186/S13054-019-2400-2. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
1. Mari A., Baker F. A., Pellicano R., and Khoury T., “Diagnosis and Management of Achalasia: Updates of the Last Two Years,” Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 16 (2021): 3607, 10.3390/JCM10163607. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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[1] Adkins C., Takakura W., Spiegel B. M. R., et al., “Prevalence and Characteristics of Dysphagia Based on a Population‐Based Survey,” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 18, no. 9 (2020): 1970–1979.e2, 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.10.029. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[2] Adkins C., Takakura W., Spiegel B. M. R., et al., “Prevalence and Characteristics of Dysphagia Based on a Population‐Based Survey,” Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology 18, no. 9 (2020): 1970–1979.e2, 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.10.029. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[3] Dellon E. S. and Hirano I., “Epidemiology and Natural History of Eosinophilic Esophagitis,” Gastroenterology 154, no. 2 (2018): 319–332.e3, 10.1053/J.GASTRO.2017.06.067. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[4] Dellon E. S. and Hirano I., “Epidemiology and Natural History of Eosinophilic Esophagitis,” Gastroenterology 154, no. 2 (2018): 319–332.e3, 10.1053/J.GASTRO.2017.06.067. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[5] Clavé P. and Shaker R., “Dysphagia: Current Reality and Scope of the Problem,” Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 12, no. 12 (2015): 259–270, 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.49. - DOI - PubMed

[6] Clavé P. and Shaker R., “Dysphagia: Current Reality and Scope of the Problem,” Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 12, no. 12 (2015): 259–270, 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.49. - DOI - PubMed

[7] Zuercher P., Moret C. S., Dziewas R., and Schefold J. C., “Dysphagia in the Intensive Care Unit: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Management,” Critical Care 23, no. 1 (2019): 103, 10.1186/S13054-019-2400-2. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[8] Zuercher P., Moret C. S., Dziewas R., and Schefold J. C., “Dysphagia in the Intensive Care Unit: Epidemiology, Mechanisms, and Clinical Management,” Critical Care 23, no. 1 (2019): 103, 10.1186/S13054-019-2400-2. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[9] Mari A., Baker F. A., Pellicano R., and Khoury T., “Diagnosis and Management of Achalasia: Updates of the Last Two Years,” Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 16 (2021): 3607, 10.3390/JCM10163607. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

[10] Mari A., Baker F. A., Pellicano R., and Khoury T., “Diagnosis and Management of Achalasia: Updates of the Last Two Years,” Journal of Clinical Medicine 10, no. 16 (2021): 3607, 10.3390/JCM10163607. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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Esophageal and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: Clinical Recommendations From the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility

Affiliations

Esophageal and Oropharyngeal Dysphagia: Clinical Recommendations From the United European Gastroenterology and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility

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