Interlimb biomechanics of female football players during vertical jump as a predictor of anterior cruciate ligament ruptures

Abstract

Purpose: This study investigates inter-limb asymmetry during drop vertical jumps in elite female football players by examining biomechanical variables, such as joint kinematics and ground reaction forces, that are strongly associated with increased anterior cruciate ligament injury risk. Methods: Kinematic and kinetic parameters of 12 football players performing a vertical drop jump from a 30 cm high box were recorded using the Xsens MVN Awinda motion capture system and Vald Force Decks. Results: The findings revealed significant differences in range of motion between the limbs, particularly in internal/external rotation and dorsiflexion/plantarflexion ( p < 0.05). No significant differences were found in abduction/adduction or flexion-extension ROM between limbs during both landing phases. Internal/external rotation range differed significantly during the first landing phase ( p < 0.05), but not the second. Hip joint flexion/extension exhibited minimal variation compared to the ankle and knee, with slight increases observed at the hip. From a kinetic standpoint, concentric mean power demonstrated a strong positive correlation with peak power ( ρ = 0.903), underscoring its crucial role in optimizing performance and mitigating injury risk. Conclusions: The study evaluated biomechanical indicators strongly linked to ACL injury risk. Findings highlight that asymmetrical loading and movement patterns, especially knee valgus and inter-limb discrepancies, may predispose female athletes to non-contact ACL injuries. These results emphasize the need for neuromuscular training interventions targeting symmetry, proprioception, and controlled landing to reduce injury risk and enhance performance.

Keywords: anterior cruciate ligament injury; drop vertical jump; inter-limb asymmetry; risk assessment.