A retrospective study to assess the accuracy of syphilis rapid test by chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay (CIA) in volunteer blood donors

Abstract

Background: Syphilis screening methods in blood banks have recently transitioned from manual nontreponemal tests to automated treponemal-specific enzyme immunoassays and chemiluminescence immunoassays (CIA). Although convenient and highly sensitive, this has led to increased false-positive rates leading to the wastage of blood resources.

Aims and objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the positive predictive value (PPV) of Treponema pallidum (TP)-CIA as a screening tool in healthy blood donors and determine optimal cutoff values to improve specificity, thereby reducing unnecessary blood wastage and donor exclusion.

Patients and methods: It was a retrospective observational study that collected data from July 2019 to May 2023 on blood bank donors referred to the sexually transmitted disease clinic, in view of testing reactive on the Abbott ARCHITECT Syphilis TP CMIA (relative light unit [RLU] >1). Clinical details, Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) titers, and confirmatory TP hemagglutination (TPHA) test records were corroborated.

Results: A total of 1791 patients were referred over 4 years as per blood bank records. Only 271 (15.13%) of these presented to the sexually transmitted infection clinic, indicating a high referral loss. Of patients with CIA titers available, 119/202 (58.9%) were diagnosed as confirmed syphilis based on VDRL and TPHA positivity, out of which majority (92.4%) were latent syphilis. PPV of TP-CIA rapid test at RLU >1 (manufacturer recommendation) was 64.3%, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.86. Setting the cutoff at RLU ≥2.5 improved sensitivity to 100% (patients with RLU <2.5 could be safely returned to the donor pool), while a cutoff of ≥24.63 achieved 100% specificity (confirmed syphilis).

Conclusion: The manufacturer cutoff for syphilis CMIA rapid test (RLU >1) maintains high sensitivity but generates high false positives, causing nearly one-third of patients to be referred unnecessarily, as well as blood wastage. Reflexive confirmatory testing with a second treponemal assay can minimize the psychological impact on healthy donors and prevent unnecessary donor exclusion. Large-scale studies are required to establish population-based cutoffs for ensured blood safety without wastage.

Keywords: Blood bank; chemiluminescent immunoassay; reverse screening algorithm; syphilis; treponemal tests.

Figure 1

Receiver operating characteristic curve for TP-CIA with area under the curve = 0.86. ROC = Receiver operating characteristic; RLU = Relative light unit; AUC = Area under the curve; TP-CIA = Treponema Pallidum chemiluminescence immunoassays