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Review
. 2025 May 14;5(3):100512.
doi: 10.1016/j.xagr.2025.100512. eCollection 2025 Aug.

The feasibility and surgical outcomes of robotic vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic single port hysterectomy for benign gynecologic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Greg Marchand  1 , Hollie Ulibarri  1 , Amanda Arroyo  1 , Daniela Gonzalez Herrera  1 , Brooke Hamilton  1 , Kate Ruffley  1 , Mckenna Robinson  1 , Ali Azadi  2   3
Affiliations
Review

The feasibility and surgical outcomes of robotic vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic single port hysterectomy for benign gynecologic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Greg Marchand et al. AJOG Glob Rep. .

Abstract

Objective: Vaginal natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (vNOTES) combines vaginal surgery with single-port laparoscopy, providing a minimally invasive technique designed to overcome the challenges in traditional vaginal surgery. Several authors have now described techniques for performing these procedures with robotic assistance (R-vNOTES). We aim to evaluate the surgical outcomes and the safety of R-vNOTES hysterectomy in patients with benign diseases.

Data sources: We searched six major databases from their inception through October 2024 for studies analyzing the surgical outcomes of hysterectomy by R-vNOTES in cases with benign gynecologic diseases.

Study eligibility criteria: We included all primary research studies that included at least one of our selected outcomes and did not include surgeries for malignant conditions.

Study appraisal and synthesis methods: Study quality was appraised using the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute quality assessment tools. Data synthesis was accomplished using OpenMetaAnalyst and RevMan software. Mean difference and 95% confidence intervals were used for continuous outcomes following inverse variance analyses. Dichotomous outcomes were analyzed using an odds ratio and 95% confidence intervals.

Results: Ultimately 10 eligible studies were included in our synthesis, including two studies that compared the R-vNOTES technique to robot-assisted laparoscopic hysterectomy (RALH) performed for the same indications. Our overall pooled analysis demonstrated that the operation time of R-vNOTES was 142 minutes, with an estimated blood loss of 67 mL. The overall length of hospital stay among the included studies was 2.04 days. We found an approximate decrease of 1.4 grams of hemoglobin after surgery. The incidence of conversion was 1.3%, and the complication rate was 13.3%. We found, R-vNOTES was to have a shorter operative time (P<.001) and lower blood loss than RALH (P=.002), with no significant differences seen between the cohorts in total hospital stay (P=.29) or complication rates (P=.98).

Conclusion: Initial data shows that R-vNOTES seems to be a feasible minimally invasive technique with comparable outcomes and a favorable safety profile. Compared to RALH, R-vNOTES was associated with a shorter operation time and less blood loss.

Keywords: R-vNOTES; RALH; hysterectomy; laparoscopy; robotic-assisted; vNOTES.

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Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA flowchart of our literature search process
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot for the meta-analysis of total operative time for the studies comparing the R-vNOTES and RALH techniques
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot for the meta-analysis of the surgeon declared estimated blood loss (in mL,) for the studies comparing the R-vNOTES and RALH techniques
Figure 4
Figure 4
Forest plot for the meta-analysis of the total length of hospital stay (in days,) for the studies comparing the R-vNOTES and RALH techniques
Figure 5
Figure 5
Forest plot for the meta-analysis of the complication rate for the studies comparing the R-vNOTES and RALH techniques
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