Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jun 23;23(1):247.
doi: 10.1186/s12957-025-03899-8.

Elevated drain fluid calprotectin as a predictor of early anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery

Limian Ling #  1 , Zhongchao Zuo #  1 , Ying Lv  2 , Jingyu Wu  3 , Feng Yu  1 , Qun Deng  1 , Shaojun Yu  1 , Hang Li  4 , Wenwen Zheng  5
Affiliations

Elevated drain fluid calprotectin as a predictor of early anastomotic leakage in colorectal surgery

Limian Ling et al. World J Surg Oncol. .

Abstract

Background: Anastomotic leakage (AL) is a major cause of postoperative mortality following colorectal cancer surgery. This prospective investigation sought to establish the diagnostic utility of perioperative drain fluid calprotectin quantification in anticipating anastomotic complications following colorectal resections.

Methods: A consecutive cohort of 306 subjects undergoing anterior resection for sigmoid colon or rectal cancer were prospectively enrolled and stratified based on postoperative clinical outcomes: 25 cases developing AL (Group A) versus 281 without AL (Group B). Calprotectin levels in drainage fluid, serum C-reactive protein (CRP), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were compared between the groups.

Results: The diagnosis of AL was made between the 3rd and 11th postoperative day (POD), with a mean diagnosis time of 7 days. Group A showed significantly higher calprotectin levels starting from POD3 (207 vs. 96 ng/mL, p < 0.0001). POD3 calprotectin concentrations exceeding 110 ng/mL demonstrated superior discriminative capacity, achieving 92% diagnostic sensitivity with 82% specificity for preclinical AL detection.

Conclusion: Early and persistent elevation of drain fluid calprotectin after colorectal surgery is a significant marker for AL, potentially offering an advantage over traditional inflammatory markers like CRP and IL-6 in the earlier prediction of AL. These findings provide valuable insights for improving postoperative management and patient outcomes.

Keywords: Anastomotic leakage; Calprotectin; Colorectal cancer; Drain fluid; Surgery.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study design was approved by the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine (approval no: YS2020-055). Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent for publication: All patients provided written informed consent before enrollment in the study and consent for publication. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Evolution of drain fluid calprotectin in the postoperative period in patients with and without anastomotic leakage
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
ROC curve for cut-off analysis of drain fluid calprotectin, serum CRP and IL-6 on POD 3 and 5 in patients with anastomotic leakage
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Evolution of serum CRP and IL-6 in the postoperative period in patients with and without anastomotic leakage
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Nijssen DJ, Wienholts K, Postma MJ, et al. The economic impact of anastomotic leakage after colorectal surgery: a systematic review[J]. Tech Coloproctol. 2024;28(1):55. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Kornmann V, van Ramshorst B, van Dieren S, et al. Early complication detection after colorectal surgery (CONDOR): study protocol for a prospective clinical diagnostic study[J]. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2016;31(2):459–64. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Tonini V, Zanni M. Impact of anastomotic leakage on long-term prognosis after colorectal cancer surgery[J]. World J Gastrointest Surg. 2023;15(5):745–56. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zarnescu EC, Zarnescu NO, Costea R. Updates of risk factors for anastomotic leakage after colorectal Surgery[J]. Diagnostics (Basel). 2021;11(12):2382. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Li R, Zhou J, Zhao S, et al. Prediction model of anastomotic leakage after anterior resection for rectal cancer-based on nomogram and multivariate analysis with 1995 patients[J]. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2023;38(1):139. - DOI - PubMed

MeSH terms