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. 2025 Jun 16:2025:3644666.
doi: 10.1155/ijod/3644666. eCollection 2025.

An In Vitro Comparison of the Influence of Air Abrasion, G-Multiprimer, and Salivary Contamination on the Shear Bond Strength and Surface Characteristics of Opaque Zirconia Ceramics

Alisha Ono Idris  1 , Shobha J Rodrigues  1 , Puneeth Hegde  1 , Thilak Shetty  1 , Umesh Y Pai  1 , Sharon Saldanha  1 , Mahesh M  1 , Sandipan Mukherjee  1 , Ann Sales  1 , Vignesh Kamath  1 , Prashant Bajantri  1
Affiliations

An In Vitro Comparison of the Influence of Air Abrasion, G-Multiprimer, and Salivary Contamination on the Shear Bond Strength and Surface Characteristics of Opaque Zirconia Ceramics

Alisha Ono Idris et al. Int J Dent. .

Abstract

Aim: To evaluate the effect of various surface treatments and saliva contamination on the shear bond strength (SBS) and surface characteristics of yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia ceramics (YTZP) bonded with self-adhesive resin cement (SAC). Materials and Methods: Opaque Y-ZTP ceramics were divided into four groups based on specific surface treatment: control (C), air abrasion (AA), G-multiprimer (G), and AA + G (AG). Surface characteristics of the treated specimens, roughness and, elemental analysis were done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (EDAX), respectively. These specimens were further divided into saliva (S) and non-S (NS) contamination groups. Following the surface treatment, 10 resin cement cylinders were affixed onto the zirconia discs within every group. Micro-SBS (µSBS) was calculated, and fracture surfaces were assessed. Statistical analysis was done using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey test. Results: The µSBS values for the groups were as follows: CS (0.86 ± 0.7), CNS (3.13 ± 2.7), AS (3.14 ± 2.6), ANS (2.96 ± 1.2), GS (5.92 ± 2.2), GNS (5.94 ± 2.2), AGS (4.97 ± 0.9), and AGNS (8.06 ± 1.4). A one-way ANOVA showed that all the groups had a statistically significant difference in the SBS except the AS, AGS, CNS, ANS, as well as the GNS and AGNS. AFM results revealed the mean roughness value of AA is highest, followed by G-multiprimer, AG, and least in control. This difference is statistically significant with p-value of <0.001. This also correlated with the SEM images. Conclusion: Airborne particle abrasion and the application of G-multiprimer provide the best results in a moisture-free environment.

Keywords: G-multiprimer; air abrasion; resin cement; saliva contamination; zirconia.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Comparison of saliva and nonsaliva groups in each of the techniques using independent t-test.
Figure 2
Figure 2
SEM and EDAX images of air abrasion group (AA), air abrasion + G-multiprimer group (AG), G-multiprimer group (G), and control (D).
Figure 3
Figure 3
SEM images reveal the mode of failures: (A) adhesive failure, (B) cohesive failure, and (C) mixed failures.
Figure 4
Figure 4
AFM 3D Images of images of control group (A), air abrasion group (B), G-multiprimer group (C), and air abrasion + G-multiprimer group (D).
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