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. 2025 Jun 18:19:5193-5207.
doi: 10.2147/DDDT.S523076. eCollection 2025.

Cumulative Live Birth Rates in Women Undergoing Progestin-Primed Ovarian Stimulation Using Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Dydrogesterone, and Progesterone: A Retrospective Analysis

Fenglu Wu  1 , Jing Lin  2 , Jing Zhang  1 , Xinggang Wang  1 , Jialyu Huang  3 , Jiaying Lin  1
Affiliations

Cumulative Live Birth Rates in Women Undergoing Progestin-Primed Ovarian Stimulation Using Medroxyprogesterone Acetate, Dydrogesterone, and Progesterone: A Retrospective Analysis

Fenglu Wu et al. Drug Des Devel Ther. .

Abstract

Purpose: To investigate possible differences in cumulative live birth rates (CLBRs) among three progestins medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), dydrogesterone (DYG), and Progesterone within the progestin-primed ovarian stimulation (PPOS) protocol.

Patients and methods: This retrospective study included 21,159 women undergoing one of three ovarian stimulation protocols, hMG + MPA, hMG + DYG, or hMG + Progesterone, between September 2013 and January 2024 in our centre. Patients received oral progestins once daily as per their assigned protocol with human menopausal gonadotropin initiated on menstrual cycle day 3. The primary outcome was the CLBR. Secondary outcomes comprised ovarian stimulation parameters, pregnancy outcomes per embryo transfer, and cumulative outcomes per individual.

Results: The CLBR demonstrated no statistically significant differences across the three progestin regimens: MPA (6409/14,930, 42.9%), DYG (1430/3205, 44.6%), and Progesterone (1297/3024, 42.9%; p = 0.203). Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed progressive CLBR accumulation through 5 frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles, reaching 87.6%, 95.6%, and 93.7% for MPA, DYG, and Progesterone groups, respectively, with all groups achieving 50% CLBR by the second cycle. Cox regression adjusted for confounders confirmed comparable CLBR trajectories (p > 0.05), while multivariable logistic regression showed no association between progestin type and per-cycle live birth rate (p > 0.05). Notably, the Progesterone group exhibited elevated serum progesterone levels (trigger day: p < 0.05), whereas both DYG and Progesterone groups demonstrated higher LH levels than MPA (p < 0.05).

Conclusion: Our findings establish clinical equivalence in cumulative live birth outcomes among MPA, DYG, and Progesterone when implemented within the PPOS framework. This evidence supports protocol flexibility in progestin selection, enabling personalized decisions based on pharmacological characteristics, cost considerations, and patient tolerance.

Keywords: cumulative live birth rate; dydrogesterone; frozen embryo transfer; medroxyprogesterone acetate; progesterons; progestin-primed ovarian stimulation.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Flowchart of the study population with exclusion criteria and cumulative pregnancy outcomes. Patients using hMG + MPA, hMG + DYG or hMG + Progesterone for OS were included in the analysis, except those who did not meet the criteria. After one or more FET cycles, women were divided into 3 statuses.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Forest plot of live birth rate per FET cycle using multivariable logistic regression analyses.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Forest plot of cumulative live birth rate per woman using the Cox proportional hazard model.
Figure 4
Figure 4
CLBR over five FET cycles for patients using PPOS protocol with different progestins. (A) CLBRs of all the patients; (B) CLBRs in women aged <35 years; (C) CLBRs in women aged ≥35 years; (D) CLBRs in women with AFC ≤5; (E) CLBRs in women with AFC 6–15; (F) CLBRs in women with AFC >15.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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