Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jun 22:19:11786302251342936.
doi: 10.1177/11786302251342936. eCollection 2025.

Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Wastewater Generated From the Hospital Environment

Omowunmi A Banjo  1 , Abimbola O Adekanmbi  2   3   4 , Oluwatimileyin J Akinbola  1 , Benjamin T Thomas  1 , Olusolape A F Ilusanya  1
Affiliations

Molecular Characterization of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance Genes in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolated From Wastewater Generated From the Hospital Environment

Omowunmi A Banjo et al. Environ Health Insights. .

Abstract

Aim: This study investigated the carriage of Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR) genes in fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli recovered from wastewater generated by healthcare institutions.

Materials and methods: Isolation of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli was done on medium supplemented with 1 µg/mL of ciprofloxacin (a fluoroquinolone). Presumptive isolates were identified via the detection of uidA gene. Susceptibility of the isolates to a panel of antibiotics was done using disc diffusion method. Detection of PMQR genes in the isolates was done using primer-specific PCR.

Results: Thirty fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli were obtained from the wastewater over a period of 6 months. The resistance to each of the antibiotic tested was: ampicillin (100%), ceftriaxone (100%), nalidixic acid (100%), tetracycline (96.7%), cefotaxime (96.7%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (80%), gentamicin (60%), cefoxitin (30%), and imipenem (3.3%). The Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI) ranged from 0.6 to 0.9. The detection of PMQR genes in the 30 isolates was: qnrA (76.7%), qnrB (53.3%), qnrS (63.3%), aac(6')-lb-cr (43.3%), and qepA (43.3%). All the fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli carried at least one PMQR determinant.

Conclusion: This study revealed that untreated hospital wastewaters are significant hub of multidrug-resistant and fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli, showing high carriage of PMQR genes, and may be a major contributor to the resistome of fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria in the Nigerian environment.

Keywords: Fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli; Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Index (MARI); Plasmid-Mediated Quinolone Resistance (PMQR); antibiotic resistance; healthcare settings.

Plain language summary

Escherichia coli showing resistance ciprofloxacin, a fluoroquinolone antibiotic was isolated from wastewater of some selected healthcare institutions in South-west Nigeria. The bacteria were identified using the detection of uidA gene, and they were tested against some antibiotics using the disc diffusion test. The detection of PMQR genes was done using primer-specific PCR. A total of 30 fluoroquinolone-resistant isolates were recovered from the wastewater in six months. All the isolates were resistant to ampicillin and nalidixic acid, while the least level of resistance was to imipenem, a carbapenem antibiotic. The multiple antibiotic resistance index for the isolates ranged from 0.6 to 0.9. All the isolates were multidrug-resistant. The frequency of PMQR genes in the 30 resistant isolates obtained from the wastewater was: qnrA (76.7%), qnrS (60%), qnrB (53%), aac(6')-lb-cr (43.3%) and qepA (40%). All the isolates carried at least one of the target PMQR genes. Wastewater from healthcare institution is a breeding ground for fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1.
Figure 1.
Resistance of the fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli to selected panel of antibiotics.
Figure 2.
Figure 2.
Phenotype of resistance and MARI of the fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli. Abbreviations: AMP, ampicillin; AUG, amoxicillin-clavulanate; CRO, ceftriaxone; FOX, cefoxitin; GEN, gentamicin; IMI, imipenem; MARI, multiple antibiotic resistance index; NAL, nalidixic acid; TET, tetracycline. formula image
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Osińska A, Harnisz M, Korzeniewska E. Prevalence of plasmid-mediated multidrug resistance determinants in fluoroquinolone-resistant bacteria isolated from sewage and surface water. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2016;23(11):10818-10831. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Zurfuh K, Poirel L, Nordmann P, et al. Occurrence of the plasmid-borne mcr-1 colistin resistance gene in extended spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in river water and imported vegetable samples in Switzerland. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2016;60:2594-2595. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ranjbar R, Farahani O. The prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in Escherichia coli isolated from hospital wastewater sources in Tehran, Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2017;46(9):1285-1291. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Aminul P, Anwar S, Molla MMA, Miah MRA. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance patterns in clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae in Bangladesh. Biosaf Heal. 2021;3:301-306.
    1. Lamikanra A, Crowe JL, Lijek RS, et al. Rapid evolution of fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli in Nigeria is temporarily associated with fluoroquinolone use. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;11:312. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources