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. 2025 Jan 4:103:skaf216.
doi: 10.1093/jas/skaf216.

Metabolomics of follicular fluid reveals the impact of heat stress on oocyte pick-up and in vitro embryo production efficiency in dairy cows

Yifan Li  1   2 , Yaochang Wei  1   2 , Mingmao Yang  1   2 , Mengkun Sun  1   2 , Longgang Yan  1   2 , Yifan Yang  1   2 , Yuan Zhang  1   2 , Yongsheng Wang  1   2 , Pengfei Lin  1   2 , Yaping Jin  1   2
Affiliations

Metabolomics of follicular fluid reveals the impact of heat stress on oocyte pick-up and in vitro embryo production efficiency in dairy cows

Yifan Li et al. J Anim Sci. .

Abstract

Heat stress (HS) is a major challenge in global dairy farming, severely affecting reproductive performance. However, the molecular mechanisms by which it regulates oocyte development by altering the follicular microenvironment are unclear. This study assessed HS-related indicators in summer and autumn, dividing cows into HS and non-HS (TN) groups to evaluate the effect of HS on oocyte pick-up and in vitro embryo production (OPU-IVP) efficiency, and used untargeted metabolomics to analyze its impact on follicular fluid (FF) metabolic characteristics. The results showed that HS significantly affected the physiological and production performance of dairy cows. Serum and FF analysis showed significant changes in oxidative stress indicators (SOD, GSH-Px, CAT, MDA, T-AOC, ROS), inflammatory factors (IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α), heat shock proteins (HSP70 and HSP90), and steroid hormones (E2 and P4) induced by HS. Moreover, HS significantly reduced the total number of oocytes, oocyte recovery rate, proportions of grade A and B oocytes, cleavage rate, and blastocyst rate in OPU-IVP. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed 1544 differential metabolites in FF, which were mainly enriched in pathways such as steroid hormone biosynthesis, neuroactive ligand-receptor interactions, D-amino acid metabolism, tyrosine metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. In conclusion, this study not only reveals for the first time the metabolic characteristics of FF under HS and the potential mechanisms affecting oocyte development, but also provides innovative insights for developing precise interventions to improve OPU-IVP efficiency in dairy cows under HS.

Keywords: OPU-IVP; follicular fluid; heat stress; oocyte; untargeted metabolomics.

Plain language summary

Heat stress imposes substantial annual economic losses on the global dairy farming. This study demonstrates that heat stress not only alters physiological and biochemical parameters in dairy cows but also disrupts the follicular microenvironment, thereby compromising oocyte pick-up and in vitro embryo production (OPU-IVP) efficiency. Untargeted metabolomics analysis revealed significant metabolic changes in the follicular fluid of dairy cows induced by heat stress and elucidated the potential mechanism by which heat stress interferes with oocyte development through the modulation of the follicular microenvironment. These findings establish a foundation for enhancing OPU-IVP efficiency under heat stress and offer actionable strategies to mitigate climate change-associated economic losses in dairy farming.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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