Bacterial population dynamics and biosafety assessment in a closed Bioregenerative Life Support System during the "Lunar Palace 365" experiment

doi:10.1007/s11427-024-2857-1

. 2025 Jul;68(7):2137-2149.

doi: 10.1007/s11427-024-2857-1. Epub 2025 May 13.

Bacterial population dynamics and biosafety assessment in a closed Bioregenerative Life Support System during the "Lunar Palace 365" experiment

Yuming Fu^#^{1

2

3}, Yueying Lu^#^{4

5

6}, Jianlou Yang^{4

5

6

7}, Hong Liu^{8

9

10

11}

Affiliations

¹ Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. fuyuming@buaa.edu.cn.
² State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. fuyuming@buaa.edu.cn.
³ International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. fuyuming@buaa.edu.cn.
⁴ Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
⁵ State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
⁶ International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
⁷ School of Sport Management, Shan Dong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China.
⁸ Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. lh64@buaa.edu.cn.
⁹ Innovation Center for Medical Engineering & Engineering Medicine, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China. lh64@buaa.edu.cn.
¹⁰ State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. lh64@buaa.edu.cn.
¹¹ International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. lh64@buaa.edu.cn.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40555951
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-024-2857-1

Bacterial population dynamics and biosafety assessment in a closed Bioregenerative Life Support System during the "Lunar Palace 365" experiment

Yuming Fu et al. Sci China Life Sci. 2025 Jul.

. 2025 Jul;68(7):2137-2149.

doi: 10.1007/s11427-024-2857-1. Epub 2025 May 13.

Authors

Yuming Fu^#^{1

2

3}, Yueying Lu^#^{4

5

6}, Jianlou Yang^{4

5

6

7}, Hong Liu^{8

9

10

11}

Affiliations

¹ Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. fuyuming@buaa.edu.cn.
² State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. fuyuming@buaa.edu.cn.
³ International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. fuyuming@buaa.edu.cn.
⁴ Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
⁵ State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
⁶ International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China.
⁷ School of Sport Management, Shan Dong Sport University, Jinan, 250102, China.
⁸ Key Laboratory of Biomechanics and Mechanobiology (Beihang University), Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Innovation and Transformation of Advanced Medical Devices, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, National Medical Innovation Platform for Industry-Education Integration in Advanced Medical Devices (Interdiscipline of Medicine and Engineering), School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China. lh64@buaa.edu.cn.
⁹ Innovation Center for Medical Engineering & Engineering Medicine, Hangzhou International Innovation Institute, Beihang University, Hangzhou, 311115, China. lh64@buaa.edu.cn.
¹⁰ State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. lh64@buaa.edu.cn.
¹¹ International Joint Research Center of Aerospace Biotechnology & Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China. lh64@buaa.edu.cn.

^# Contributed equally.

PMID: 40555951
DOI: 10.1007/s11427-024-2857-1

Abstract

Our study investigates the dynamic variation of bacterial populations within the Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS), a critical component for sustainable habitats in extraterrestrial environments supporting human survival. We utilized the ground-based BLSS test platform, referred to as "Lunar Palace 1" (LP1), to examine bacterial dynamics in an ecosystem integrating plant production, human cultivation, and equipment maintenance. Our findings reveal distinct bacterial compositions among crew members and functional areas within the LP1 system while preserving temporal stability across the 370-day experiment. Importantly, we observed a low abundance of potential pathogens, minimal antibiotic resistance, and negligible impact of the isolated bacterial strains on equipment materials, suggesting favorable biosafety attributed to plant integration. Our work enhances the understanding of microbial communities in BLSS and underscores the importance of incorporating green plants to bolster environmental biosafety and sustainability in long-term space exploration missions.

Keywords: Bioregenerative Life Support System; antibiotic resistance genes; bacterial community dynamics; biodegradation; biosafety.

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Conflict of interest statement

Compliance and ethics. The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

References

1. Adams, R.I., Bateman, A.C., Bik, H.M., and Meadow, J.F. (2015). Microbiota of the indoor environment: a meta-analysis. Microbiome 3, 49. - PubMed - PMC
1. Ahern, O.M., Whittaker, K.A., Williams, T.C., Hunt, D.E., and Rynearson, T.A. (2021). Host genotype structures the microbiome of a globally dispersed marine phytoplankton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118, e2105207118. - PubMed - PMC
1. Avila-Herrera, A., Thissen, J., Urbaniak, C., Be, N.A., Smith, D.J., Karouia, F., Mehta, S., Venkateswaran, K., Jaing, C., and Reddy, S.V. (2020). Crewmember microbiome may influence microbial composition of ISS habitable surfaces. PLoS one 15, e0231838. - PubMed - PMC
1. Bai, X., Bao, Y., Bei, S., Bu, C., Cao, R., Cao, Y., Cen, H., Chao, J., Chen, F., Chen, H., et al. (2024). Database resources of the National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation in 2024. Nucleic Acids Res 52, D18–D32.
1. Bao, Y., Bai, X., Bu, C., Chen, H., Chen, H., Chen, K., Chen, M., Chen, M., Chen, M., Chen, P., et al. (2025). Database resources of the National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation in 2025. Nucleic Acids Res 53, D30–D44.

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[1] Adams, R.I., Bateman, A.C., Bik, H.M., and Meadow, J.F. (2015). Microbiota of the indoor environment: a meta-analysis. Microbiome 3, 49. - PubMed - PMC

[2] Adams, R.I., Bateman, A.C., Bik, H.M., and Meadow, J.F. (2015). Microbiota of the indoor environment: a meta-analysis. Microbiome 3, 49. - PubMed - PMC

[3] Ahern, O.M., Whittaker, K.A., Williams, T.C., Hunt, D.E., and Rynearson, T.A. (2021). Host genotype structures the microbiome of a globally dispersed marine phytoplankton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118, e2105207118. - PubMed - PMC

[4] Ahern, O.M., Whittaker, K.A., Williams, T.C., Hunt, D.E., and Rynearson, T.A. (2021). Host genotype structures the microbiome of a globally dispersed marine phytoplankton. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118, e2105207118. - PubMed - PMC

[5] Avila-Herrera, A., Thissen, J., Urbaniak, C., Be, N.A., Smith, D.J., Karouia, F., Mehta, S., Venkateswaran, K., Jaing, C., and Reddy, S.V. (2020). Crewmember microbiome may influence microbial composition of ISS habitable surfaces. PLoS one 15, e0231838. - PubMed - PMC

[6] Avila-Herrera, A., Thissen, J., Urbaniak, C., Be, N.A., Smith, D.J., Karouia, F., Mehta, S., Venkateswaran, K., Jaing, C., and Reddy, S.V. (2020). Crewmember microbiome may influence microbial composition of ISS habitable surfaces. PLoS one 15, e0231838. - PubMed - PMC

[7] Bai, X., Bao, Y., Bei, S., Bu, C., Cao, R., Cao, Y., Cen, H., Chao, J., Chen, F., Chen, H., et al. (2024). Database resources of the National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation in 2024. Nucleic Acids Res 52, D18–D32.

[8] Bai, X., Bao, Y., Bei, S., Bu, C., Cao, R., Cao, Y., Cen, H., Chao, J., Chen, F., Chen, H., et al. (2024). Database resources of the National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation in 2024. Nucleic Acids Res 52, D18–D32.

[9] Bao, Y., Bai, X., Bu, C., Chen, H., Chen, H., Chen, K., Chen, M., Chen, M., Chen, M., Chen, P., et al. (2025). Database resources of the National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation in 2025. Nucleic Acids Res 53, D30–D44.

[10] Bao, Y., Bai, X., Bu, C., Chen, H., Chen, H., Chen, K., Chen, M., Chen, M., Chen, M., Chen, P., et al. (2025). Database resources of the National Genomics Data Center, China National Center for Bioinformation in 2025. Nucleic Acids Res 53, D30–D44.

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Bacterial population dynamics and biosafety assessment in a closed Bioregenerative Life Support System during the "Lunar Palace 365" experiment

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Bacterial population dynamics and biosafety assessment in a closed Bioregenerative Life Support System during the "Lunar Palace 365" experiment

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