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. 2025 May;15(5):1934-1940.
doi: 10.5455/OVJ.2025.v15.i5.7. Epub 2025 May 31.

Oral microflora of Trimeresurus snakes in a biodiversity hotspot of North Eastern India

Lallianpuii Kawlni  1 , C Lalchhandama  2 , Lalhruaipuii  3 , Tapan Kumar Dutta  3
Affiliations

Oral microflora of Trimeresurus snakes in a biodiversity hotspot of North Eastern India

Lallianpuii Kawlni et al. Open Vet J. 2025 May.

Abstract

Background: A significant number of snake bites are reported every year from Mizoram, the majority of which are considered to be Trimeresurus erythrurus. The occurrence of deaths from deadly venomous to mildly venomous snake bites has also been reflected in records. Even if the bites are not fatal, they cause a significant problem as they are often associated with secondary bacterial infection. This is believed to significantly contribute to complications in addition to the effect of venom.

Aim: Here, we attempt to capture aerobic bacterial diversity from the oro-pharyngeal swabs of wild displaced snakes through culture and automated bacterial identification system.

Methods: Oro-pharyngeal swabs were collected from 10 snakes (Trimeresurus erythrurus). The swabs were cultured using standard microbiological techniques, and bacterial isolates were identified with BD PHOENIX automated microbiology system (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Systems, Sparks, Md).

Results: The assay showed the presence of Enterobacter cloacae, Staphylococcus sciuri, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus porcinus, Alcaligens faecalis, Yersinia pseudotuberculosis, and Proteus vulgaris in the oral swab culture.

Conclusion: The detection of various pathogenic bacteria in the oral swab culture highlights the infectious potential, emphasizes their significance in the management of snakebite wounds, and affirms the importance of administering antibiotic prophylaxis in snakebites.

Keywords: Mizoram; Oral microflora; Snake bite; Snakes.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.. Bacterial species isolated.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.. Map of Mizoram depicting the study area-Aizawl District.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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