Thrombectomy Versus Medical Management for Pediatric Arterial Ischemic Stroke With Large Baseline Infarct

Abstract

Background: Multiple recent randomized trials have demonstrated the benefit of thrombectomy over medical management alone in adult patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke and large infarct on baseline imaging. Cohort studies have also identified improved functional outcomes in pediatric patients who received thrombectomy. However, the role of thrombectomy in pediatric stroke with large baseline infarct remains uncertain.

Methods: A case-control study was undertaken using pooled data from 3 cohort studies of pediatric stroke (Save ChildS [Safety and Outcome of Endovascular Recenalization in Childhood Stroke Study], Save ChildS Pro [Safety and Outcome of Endovascular Recenalization in Childhood Stroke Prospective Registry], Pediatric LVO Stroke Study). Pediatric patients of age 1 to 18 years with acute anterior circulation LVO stroke presenting within 24 hours since last seen well with an Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score of 0 to 5 on CT or magnetic resonance imaging were included. Isolated M2 occlusion or focal cerebral arteriopathy-inflammatory subtype cases were excluded. Thrombectomy-treated patients were compared with patients who received medical management alone. The primary clinical outcome was the pediatric modified Rankin Scale score at 90 days, compared between groups using ordinal logistic regression.

Results: Of 56 pediatric patients with anterior circulation LVO and low Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score presenting between January 1, 2000 and August 31, 2023 from 45 centers across Europe, North America, and Australia, 40 patients were eligible for inclusion (female: n=14, 35.0%; mean age, 9.1 years; range, 1.5-17; SD, 5.27). Thrombectomy-treated patients (n=24) had significantly better pediatric modified Rankin Scale scores at 90 days than medical management alone patients (n=16; odds ratio, 3.68 [95% CI, 1.11-12.21]; P=0.034). There was no significant difference between groups in the rate of symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (P=0.806).

Conclusions: In this multicentre case-control study, pediatric patients (age, 1-18 years) with anterior circulation LVO stroke and low Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score who received thrombectomy had significantly better functional outcomes than those treated with medical management alone. Exclusion of pediatric patients from thrombectomy based on low Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score alone may not be appropriate.

Keywords: case-control studies; child; intracranial hemorrhage; stroke; thrombectomy.