Report of a New Sand Fly (Diptera: Psychodidae) Species, Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) pradeepii n. sp. from Madhya Pradesh, India

Abstract

Madhya Pradesh, a biodiversity-rich state in central India, reports sporadic non-indigenous leishmaniasis cases. Systematic entomological surveillance as part of molecular xenomonitoring in sand flies led to the discovery of a new species, Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) pradeepii n. sp. (Diptera: Psychodidae), from Johariya village in Sagar district, Madhya Pradesh, India. A systematic cross-sectional survey of sand flies was conducted in Bhopal, Sagar, and Hoshangabad districts of Madhya Pradesh. Standard collection methods were employed for two months, i.e., from July to August 2023. DNA barcoding targeting the mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene was performed, and the generated sequences were phylogenetically analyzed. Se. (Neo.) pradeepii, a newly recorded sand fly species, is reported in this study. Its taxonomic relationship to other congeners of subgenus Neophlebotomus is discussed. COI barcoding and phylogenetic analysis established that the specimens fit into the same taxonomic group, exhibiting negligible gene flow within the population, while a 13.4% genetic distance from congeners establishes it as a separate species. Madhya Pradesh, with its rich biodiversity and favorable conditions for sand fly proliferation, lacks systematic entomological surveillance. This study enhances the knowledge of the state's sand fly fauna by reporting and providing a detailed morphological and molecular description of the new species.

Keywords: COI barcode; India; Madhya Pradesh; Phlebotomine sand flies; Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) pradeepii.

Figure 1

Sand fly specimen collection area in Johariya village of Sagar district in Madhya Pradesh, India.

Figure 2

Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) pradeepii n. sp. (Female) (A–I): (A) dissected head with 1. palps and 2. flagellomere; (B) cibarium with horizontal cibarial teeth and pigment patch; (C) pharynx; (D) f2 with ascoid; (E) wing; (F) 1. maxillary teeth (external and internal); (G) Newstead’s scales on p3; (H) 1. spermatheca with faint striations at the apical end; (I) dissected fore leg.

Figure 3

Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) pradeepii n. sp. (Male) (A–G): (A) dissected terminalia; (B) aedeagus/parameral sheath; (C) paramere with setae; (D) gonocoxite with setae on median tuft; (E) sperm/genital pump, filament/aedeagal duct and aedeagus/parameral sheath; (F) gonostylus with spines along with accessory setae; (G) cibarium and pharynx.

Figure 4

Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequences for species of Sergentomyia (Neophlebotomus) pradeepii n. sp. (marked with red triangles) along with Se. (Neo.) ashwanii, gemmea, iyengari, monticola and hodgsoni; outgroup; Ph. papatasi and Lutzomyia longipalpis.