Cyranose® 320 eNose Effectively Differentiates Pre- and Post-Challenge Respiratory Samples in an Induced Bovine Respiratory Disease Model

Abstract

Field-based diagnostic technologies which aid in the early detection of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) are of great need, given the rising attention related to animal welfare and antimicrobial stewardship. This induced BRD study followed 12 Holstein calves through pre-challenge (day 1-3) and post-challenge (day 6-13) periods with daily sampling of nasal secretions with nasal swabs and expired air with air collection bags for determination of BRD status by use of an electronic nose (eNose). Animals were challenged with bovine herpes virus-1 (BHV-1) on day 3 following sample collection and Mannheimia haemolytica on day 5. Results demonstrated a high degree of accuracy for the eNose in correctly classifying pre-challenge samples for nasal swabs (93.5%) and expired air (96.8%). Post-challenge correct classification by the eNose was 97.8% for nasal swabs and 72.5% for expired air samples. Logistical regression was used to determine the probability of agreement between eNose classification and actual animal BRD status by study day. The largest discrepancy between nasal swab and expired air samples fell on days 6 and 7, immediately following the bacterial challenge. The eNose demonstrated potential as a field-based diagnostic tool for the detection of BRD with nasal swabs as the optimal sample type.

Keywords: bovine respiratory disease; cattle; diagnostic test; electronic nose; volatile organic compounds.

Figure 1

Expired air collection apparatus consisting of a non-rebreathing T-piece connected to a large canine anesthetic induction mask and a 3.79 L mylar food storage bag.

Figure 2

Nasal swab collection system with lid uncapped from blood collection tube storing a nasal swab. A 16 G × 1.5” aluminum hub needle attached to an IV extension set and an 18 G × 3.5” spinal needle are penetrated through the rubber cap of the tube.

Figure 3

Tile map identifying individual animal expired air sample classifications by the Cyranose^® 320 eNose and identification of samples used in the training set by study day.

Figure 4

Tile map identifying individual animal nasal swab sample classifications by the Cyranose^® 320 eNose and identification of samples used in the training set by study day.

Figure 5

Model-estimated mean probability of agreement between Cyranose^® 320 eNose and actual animal status by sample type and study day. Error bars represent standard error (SE) of probability of agreement.