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Comparative Study
. 2025 Jul 23;82(5):238-244.
doi: 10.1136/oemed-2025-110105.

Does accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time differ between manual, in-office, hybrid and remote workers?

Tuija Leskinen  1   2 , Kristin Suorsa  3   2 , Jesse Pasanen  3   2 , Suvi Rovio  3   4 , Harri Niinikoski  4   5 , Olli Heinonen  6 , Laura Pulkki-Råback  7 , Jorma Viikari  8   9 , Tapani Rönnemaa  8   9 , Olli T Raitakari  4   10 , Sari Stenholm  3   11 , Katja Pahkala  4   6
Affiliations
Comparative Study

Does accelerometer-measured physical activity and sedentary time differ between manual, in-office, hybrid and remote workers?

Tuija Leskinen et al. Occup Environ Med. .

Abstract

Objectives: Studies on accelerometer-measured daily physical activity behaviour, especially among hybrid and remote workers, are scarce. We compared daily occupational and non-occupational physical activity and sedentary time among manual, in-office, hybrid and remote workers. In addition, physical activity behaviour during remote and office workdays among hybrid workers was compared.

Methods: Daily physical activity behaviour was collected with wrist-worn accelerometers on ≥4 days from 133 Finnish workers (31 years, 61% women). Participants were divided into four groups according to their work modes: manual (n=32), in-office (n=49), hybrid (n=35) and remote workers (n=17). Differences in physical activity and sedentary time during workdays (separately for occupational and non-occupational time) between the groups were examined using generalised linear models. Linear mixed models were used for intra-individual differences among hybrid workers.

Results: Workdays' occupational physical activity and sedentary time differed between the work mode groups (p<0.0001); the manual workers accumulated the highest occupational physical activity, while both hybrid and remote workers accumulated the highest occupational sedentary time. No differences in non-occupational behaviours were observed. Among hybrid workers, occupational sedentary time tended to be higher (26 min, 95% CI -2 to 53) during remote versus office workdays, but non-occupational behaviours were similar.

Conclusions: Remote work is associated with the lowest physical activity and the highest sedentary time compared with other work modes. Strategies to promote physical activity during remote workdays may be needed.

Keywords: Epidemiology; Physical Activity; Public health; Workers.

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Descriptive physical activity profiles of an average workday for manual, in-office, hybrid and remote workers.
Figure 2
Figure 2. Descriptive physical activity profiles for office and remote workdays among hybrid workers.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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