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Review
. 2025 Jun 11;15(12):1721.
doi: 10.3390/ani15121721.

Beyond the Camera Trap: A Systematic Review of Computing Technology Used to Monitor and Interact with (More) Varied Taxa in Zoos and Aquariums

Lilliana Hassinger  1 , Christena Nippert-Eng  1
Affiliations
Review

Beyond the Camera Trap: A Systematic Review of Computing Technology Used to Monitor and Interact with (More) Varied Taxa in Zoos and Aquariums

Lilliana Hassinger et al. Animals (Basel). .

Abstract

Zoos and aquariums house a wide range of species, yet research remains heavily skewed toward mammals and camera-based technologies. This systematic literature review examines the use of computing technologies to monitor or interact with animals in zoos, aquariums, or wildlife parks, with a focus on taxonomic representation and technological diversity. A total of 125 studies published between 2014 and 2024 met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 151 recorded instances of technology use. Cameras and video systems were the most frequently used tools, appearing alone in 40% of studies and in combination with other technologies in an additional 18.4%, accounting for 48.3% of all technology instances. Most studies focused on only mammals (73.5%), and behavioral monitoring was the most common research aim (40.9%). These findings suggest an uneven distribution of research shaped more by convenience and familiarity than by welfare need, highlighting a critical opportunity to diversify both species focus and technological application. Increased investment in underrepresented species and underutilized tools will help ensure that research better reflects the full spectrum of animal needs and experiences.

Keywords: ACI; animal welfare; animal–computer interaction; aquariums; cameras; mammals; species; systematic literature review; technology; zoos.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
PRISMA 2020 flow diagram illustrating the study selection process for the systematic review on computing technology use in zoo and aquarium research. Note for *: Records are identified from Animals, Zoo Biology, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science (JAAWS), Applied Animal Behaviour Science (AABS), and Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research (JZAR).
Figure 2
Figure 2
Non-exclusive types of technology used across all papers in the dataset.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Non-exclusive technological distribution by year of publication across studies included in this systematic review (2014–2024).
Figure 4
Figure 4
Taxonomic distribution of non-exclusive focal animal(s) across all studies included in the systematic review.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Non-exclusive count of taxonomic group by year of journal publication across studies included in the systematic review (2014–2024).
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