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Review
. 2025 Jun 19;15(12):1568.
doi: 10.3390/diagnostics15121568.

Broad Electrocardiogram Syndromes Spectrum: From Common Emergencies to Particular Electrical Heart Disorders-Part II

Alexandr Ceasovschih  1   2 , Anastasia Balta  2 , Victorița Șorodoc  1   2 , Krishnaraj Rathod  3   4 , Ahmed El Gohary  5 , Serghei Covantsev  6 , Richárd Masszi  7 , Yusuf Ziya Şener  8 , Alexandru Corlăteanu  9 , Syed Haseeb Raza Naqvi  10 , Alexandra Grejdieru  11 , Nicholas G Kounis  12 , Laurențiu Șorodoc  1   2
Affiliations
Review

Broad Electrocardiogram Syndromes Spectrum: From Common Emergencies to Particular Electrical Heart Disorders-Part II

Alexandr Ceasovschih et al. Diagnostics (Basel). .

Abstract

The electrocardiogram (ECG) remains a cornerstone of modern cardiology, providing rapid, non-invasive, and widely accessible diagnostic insights. While ECG interpretation is an essential skill for clinicians, certain patterns can be subtle or atypical, posing diagnostic challenges. In our previous review (doi.org/10.3390/jpm12111754), we explored several uncommon ECG syndromes with significant clinical implications. However, the spectrum of electrocardiographic abnormalities extends far beyond those initially discussed. In this second installment, we expand our discussion of rare and underrecognized ECG syndromes, including Long QT, Jervell and Lange-Nielsen, Romano-Ward, Andersen-Tawil, Timothy, Short QT, and Twiddler's syndromes, as well as Noonan, Barlow's, Bundgaard, BRASH, Carvajal, Naxos, and Danon disease. We highlight their clinical context, characteristic findings, and implications for diagnosis and management. These conditions range from acute, life-threatening emergencies requiring immediate intervention to chronic electrical disorders necessitating long-term monitoring and risk stratification. By broadening our focus, we aim to enhance awareness and recognition of these entities, ultimately improving patient outcomes through timely and accurate diagnosis.

Keywords: Andersen-Tawil syndrome; BRASH syndrome; Barlow’s Syndrome; Bundgaard syndrome; Carvajal syndrome; Danon disease; Jervell and Lange–Nielsen syndrome; Long QT syndrome; Naxos disease; Noonan syndrome; Romano–Ward syndrome; Short QT syndrome; Timothy syndrome; Twiddler’s syndrome.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Electrocardiogram aspect in Long QT syndrome.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Electrocardiogram aspect in Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Electrocardiogram aspect in Romano–Ward syndrome.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Electrocardiogram aspect in Andersen–Tawil syndrome.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Electrocardiogram aspect in Timothy syndrome.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Electrocardiogram aspect in Short QT syndrome.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Electrocardiogram aspect in Twiddler’s syndrome.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Electrocardiogram aspect in Noonan syndrome.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Electrocardiogram aspect in Barlow’s syndrome.
Figure 10
Figure 10
Electrocardiogram aspect in Danon disease.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Electrocardiogram aspect in BRASH syndrome.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Electrocardiogram aspect in Bundgaard syndrome.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Electrocardiogram aspect in Naxos disease.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Electrocardiogram aspect in Carvajal syndrome.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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