Omics Sciences in Regular Physical Activity

Abstract

The multiple health benefits of regular physical activity are well known and are the results of exercise adaptations. The study of physical training biology is not straightforward since it involves organ crosstalk and depends on numerous variables, such as type of exercise or individual physiology. A multiomic approach allows us to analyze proteins, metabolites, lipids, and epigenetic modifications on a wide scale, so it is a valid tool to identify numerous patterns and clarify how exercise exerts its beneficial effects. Stimuli given by physical activity lead the body to re-establish a new dynamic balance at the level of redox homeostasis and metabolic state. Evaluating the effect of specific training is important for maximizing the beneficial effects of physical activity. In this review we provide a brief overview of different omics technologies used in this field. For each "omics" we analyzed studies published in the last 10 years and highlighted the main molecules identified with that approach. We then described future challenges in their application from the perspective of using new bioinformatics and artificial intelligence tools.

Keywords: exercise; exercise adaptation; multiomics; systems biology.

Figure 5

Epigenetic mechanisms: DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications (hPTM):methylation (Me, blue dots); Acetylation (Ac, red dots); Ubiquitination (Ub, green dots); Lactylation (Lc, purple dots).

Figure 1

Health benefits of regular physical activity.

Figure 2

Pie chart showing the distribution of selected articles among various omics fields.

Figure 3

Main differences between endurance and resistance exercise. An upward arrow represents an increase, whereas a downward arrow indicates a decrease.

Figure 4

Exerkines released through crosstalk between different tissues and organs.