Update on HDM Allergy: Principal Changes over the Years

Abstract

House dust mites (HDMs) are a major source of indoor allergens, significantly contributing to allergic rhinitis, asthma and atopic dermatitis. This review examines the epidemiology, microbiological classification and pathophysiology of HDM allergy, highlighting key allergens such as Der p 1, Der p 2 and Der p 23. Furthermore, we discuss the pivotal role of allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT), the only disease-modifying treatment for immunoglobulin (Ig)-E disease. Recent studies have identified predictive biomarkers for allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) efficacy, including the specific IgE to total IgE (sIgE/tIgE) ratio and regulatory follicular T cell profiles, supporting a more personalized approach to therapy. Additionally, emerging immunotherapy strategies, such as recombinant allergens and peptide-based formulations, aim to improve safety and clinical outcomes. As HDM allergy prevalence rises globally, further research into optimizing diagnostics and treatment strategies remains crucial for enhancing patient care.

Keywords: Der p 1; Dermatophagoides farinae; Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus; allergen-specific immunotherapy; allergic rhinitis; asthma; house dust mite allergy; recombinant allergens.

Figure 1

Mechanism of action of protease allergens in damaging tight intercellular junctions and activating Th2-type immune response.

Figure 2

A diagram of Th2 response activation by house dust mite antigens involving dendritic cells, IL-4, IL-13 and TGF-β cytokines, leading to macrophage activation and EMT in epithelial cells.