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. 2025 Jun 13;4(3):188-194.
doi: 10.1002/hcs2.70021. eCollection 2025 Jun.

Sex-Related Differences in Risk Factors Associated With Nonhealing or Recurrence of Hyperthyroidism in Patients With Graves' Disease Treated With Radioactive Iodine

Haolin Shen  1 , Yuegui Wang  1 , Jianmei Liao  1 , Xianbo Zuo  2 , Bo Zhang  3   4 , Xiao Yang  1   5
Affiliations

Sex-Related Differences in Risk Factors Associated With Nonhealing or Recurrence of Hyperthyroidism in Patients With Graves' Disease Treated With Radioactive Iodine

Haolin Shen et al. Health Care Sci. .

Abstract

Background: To evaluate sex-related differences in the risk factors associated with nonhealing or recurrence of hyperthyroidism (NHRH) in patients with Graves' disease (GD) treated with radioactive iodine.

Methods: In total, 285 patients were enrolled. Data on radioactive iodine (RAI) dosage, ultrasound indexes of the thyroid, and other clinical factors were collected. Patients were divided into NHRH and non-NHRH (hypothyroidism or euthyroidism) groups based on treatment outcomes. Univariate and multivariate weighted logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with NHRH. Sex-specific analyses of these risk factors were also conducted.

Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of sex, thyroid shear wave elastography velocity values, or pretreatment serum free thyroxine (FT4) levels. Thyroid volume and age were independently associated with NHRH, with the odds of NHRH gradually decreasing as age increased. In subgroup analyses, both age and thyroid volume were independent risk factors for NHRH in female patients (p < 0.05), while in male patients, only FT4 was independently associated with NHRH (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: In patients of different sexes, the influence of thyroid volume, age, and FT4 on treatment outcomes exhibits distinct patterns.

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Conflict of interest statement

Xianbo Zuo is a member of the Health Care Science Editorial Board. To minimize bias, he was excluded from all editorial decision‐making related to the acceptance of this article for publication. The remaining authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Illustration of normal thyroid three‐dimensional volume measurement.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Association between clinical factors and NHRH in the univariate analysis. FT4, serum free thyroxine; NHRH, nonhealing or recurrence of hyperthyroidism; SWE, shear wave elastography
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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