Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Review
. 2025 Jul;20(13):1589-1601.
doi: 10.1080/17435889.2025.2518912. Epub 2025 Jun 26.

Current treatments and the future of nanomedicine in hepatitis C

Drue Julien  1 , Horacio Bach  2
Affiliations
Review

Current treatments and the future of nanomedicine in hepatitis C

Drue Julien et al. Nanomedicine (Lond). 2025 Jul.

Abstract

Despite recent advances in hepatitis C treatment, the disease remains a significant global health burden, with an estimated 1 million new infections in 2022. Upon infection, the disease will progress to chronic infection, leading to cirrhosis, fibrosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, and end-stage liver disease. Although treatments (Direct-Acting Antiretrovirals) are available, they cannot completely clear the virus. In this review, we summarized the current therapies used to treat hepatitis C, followed by an analysis of the future application of nanomedicine to combat this disease. We compile information related to gene silencing, the nanodelivery of specific drugs, and the trials associated with vaccine development. Although many studies have been successful in animal models, further research is needed to develop a cure or vaccine.

Keywords: Nanomedicine; gene delivery; hepatitis C; vaccines; virus detection.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

The authors have no relevant affiliations or financial involvement with any organization or entity with a financial interest in or financial conflict with the subject matter or materials discussed in the manuscript. This includes employment, consultancies, honoraria, stock ownership or options, expert testimony, grants or patents received or pending, or royalties. No writing assistance was utilized in the production of this manuscript.

References

    1. Hepatitis C . WHO. [cited 2025 May 1st]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c
    1. Sebastiani G, Gkouvatsos K, Pantopoulos K.. Chronic hepatitis C and liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(32):11033–11053. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i32.11033 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Stuart JD, Salinas E, Grakoui A.. Immune system control of hepatitis C virus infection. Curr Opin Virol. 2021;46:36–44. doi: 10.1016/j.coviro.2020.10.002 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Preciado MV, Valva P, Escobar-Gutierrez A, et al. Hepatitis C virus molecular evolution: transmission, disease progression and antiviral therapy. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(43):15992–16013. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i43.15992 - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chan ST, J-Hj O. Hepatitis C virus-induced autophagy and host innate immune response. Viruses. 2017;9(8):224. doi: 10.3390/v9080224 - DOI - PMC - PubMed

Substances

LinkOut - more resources