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. 2025 Jun 26:e70004.
doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.70004. Online ahead of print.

Practice-Level Clustering of Industry Payments to Clinicians

Max J Hyman  1 , Micah T Prochaska  1   2 , Parth K Modi  3
Affiliations

Practice-Level Clustering of Industry Payments to Clinicians

Max J Hyman et al. Health Serv Res. .

Abstract

Objective: To test whether industry payments to clinicians are clustered at the level of the medical practice.

Study setting and design: We performed a cross-sectional study of clinicians who billed Medicare Part B in 2021 to test whether the receipt of an industry payment, log total value of industry payments, or log total number of industry payments to clinicians were clustered at the level of the medical practice. We used mixed effects linear regression to analyze practice-level clustering, controlling for clinician sex, age, urbanicity, state, and specialty, as well as practice size and specialty.

Data source and analytic sample: We used the 2021 Medicare Data on Provider Practice and Specialty file to assign clinicians to medical practices, and the 2021 General Payment Data from the Open Payments Program to calculate the total value and number of industry payments to each clinician.

Principal findings: We identified 996,982 clinicians who billed Medicare Part B in 2021, of whom 679,577 (68.2%) were physicians and 317,305 (31.8%) were advanced practice clinicians. These clinicians worked across 109,952 medical practices. In total, 474,312 (47.6%) clinicians received an industry payment in 2021. The average total value of industry payments was $1497 (SD $54,823), and the average total number of industry payments was 9.4 (SD 27.5). Regression analysis of each outcome identified significant clustering at the level of the medical practice, including 24.8% of the variation in the receipt of an industry payment, 36.8% in the log total value of industry payments, and 60.5% in the log total number of industry payments.

Conclusions: Industry payments to clinicians are strongly clustered by medical practice. Future research should examine the role of the medical practice in facilitating financial conflicts of interest between industry and clinicians.

Keywords: advanced practice clinicians; clustering; conflicts of interest; industry payments; medical practice; physicians.

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References

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