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. 2025 May 28;16(6):641.
doi: 10.3390/mi16060641.

Simulation and Optimization of the Antenna Designs for Glucose Biosensing FRET Mechanisms in Endoscopic Capsules

Rajaa B Naeem  1 , Doğu Çağdaş Atilla  2   3
Affiliations

Simulation and Optimization of the Antenna Designs for Glucose Biosensing FRET Mechanisms in Endoscopic Capsules

Rajaa B Naeem et al. Micromachines (Basel). .

Abstract

An optimized design of photodetectors and antennas for Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)-based glucose biosensing in endoscopic capsules is presented. The compact antenna design is tailored for the visible optical frequencies (~526 THz) associated with FRET-based glucose monitoring and integrates structural flexibility to conform to the spatial constraints of endoscopic capsules, such as mechanical bending features. The antenna is embedded in a multimode medium artificial tissue simulating a glucose environment with several layers, providing efficient coupling to the FRET emission signal for glucose sensing. Stable S11 parameters and a maximum gain of 9 dBi are realized by statelier mesh settings, bend adaptation, and cautious SAR constraint handlers. Results of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) confirm the limited energy absorption within permissible bounds, confirming its application for biomedical purposes. These results affirm the feasibility of non-invasive glucose measurement in interstitial fluid in this configuration that can be operable through an endoscope with improved sensitivity and functionality.

Keywords: CST Studio Suite; FRET-based biosensing; SAR calculation; antenna design; endoscopic capsule; glucose sensing; non-invasive glucose monitoring; photodetector optimization; visible optical frequency.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Overview of the methodology for the development of a FRET-based biosensor system.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Basing antenna design for FRET resonance frequency.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Array designs: (a) description of the array for the first design; (b) description of the array for the second design.
Figure 4
Figure 4
Array 1 detailed design.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Array 2 detailed design.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Array designs after binding: (a) description of the array for the first design after binding; (b) description of the array for the second design after binding.
Figure 7
Figure 7
S11 results for array design antennas.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Array 1 far-field 500 Thz results.
Figure 9
Figure 9
Array 2 far-field 500 Thz results.
Figure 10
Figure 10
S11 results for bent array design antennas.
Figure 11
Figure 11
Bended version of Array 1 far-field 500 Thz results.
Figure 12
Figure 12
Bended version of Array 2 far-field 500 Thz results.
Figure 13
Figure 13
Bended version of Arrays 1 and 2 VSWR results.
Figure 14
Figure 14
Antenna in the medium.
Figure 15
Figure 15
Antenna in the medium S11 results.
Figure 16
Figure 16
Antenna in the medium VSWR results.
Chart 1
Chart 1
CST results.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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