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. 2025 Jun 16;30(12):2603.
doi: 10.3390/molecules30122603.

Rapid Detection of Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Human Blood and Urine Samples Based on NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs Electrochemiluminescence Sensor

Yi Zhang  1 , Jiayu Zhao  2 , Jiaxing Chen  1 , Tingfan Tang  2   3 , Hao Cheng  2   3
Affiliations

Rapid Detection of Chlorpheniramine Maleate in Human Blood and Urine Samples Based on NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs Electrochemiluminescence Sensor

Yi Zhang et al. Molecules. .

Abstract

Chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) is a first-generation antihistamine that is frequently used to treat allergic reactions. However, excessive consumption presents potential health risks. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a quick and precise technique for identifying CPM levels. In this study, nickel cobalt phosphide (NiCoP), a binary metal phosphide, was successfully incorporated into carbon nanofibers. This involved creating a pore structure by adding polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a pore-forming template to a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) substrate via electrostatic spinning. An innovative electrochemiluminescent sensor for CPM detection was constructed using NiCoP/PVP/PAN carbon nanofibers (NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs). Under optimal conditions, the electrochemical behavior of CPM was studied using NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNF-modified working electrodes. These findings demonstrate that the three-dimensional porous network architecture of NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs enhances the conductive properties of the material. Consequently, an electrochemical optical sensor fabricated using this structure exhibited remarkable performance. The linear detection range of the sensor was 1 × 10-8-7 × 10-5 mol/L, and the detection limit was 7.8 × 10-10 mol/L. When human urine and serum samples were examined, the sensor was found to have a high recovery rate (94.35-103.36%), which is promising for practical applications.

Keywords: NiCoP; electrochemiluminescence; electrostatically spun film; polyacrylonitrile; porous carbon nanofiber.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
(a) SEM images of PAN/CNFs; (b) SEM images of PVP/PAN/CNFs; (c) SEM images of NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs; (d–g) TEM images of NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs; (h–m) EDS distribution of C, O, N, Ni, Co, P elements of NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs.
Figure 2
Figure 2
(a) XRD diffractograms of PAN/CNFs, PVP/PAN/CNFs, and NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs; (b) N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms and (c) corresponding pore distributions of PAN/CNFs and PVP/PAN/CNFs; XPS characteristic peak spectra of (d) C1s, (e) N1s, (f) O1s, (g) Ni2p, (h) Co2p, and (i) P2p of NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Electrochemical curves (a) and electrochemiluminescence curves (b) of CPM, Ru(bpy)32+, and Ru(bpy)32+−CPM systems.
Figure 4
Figure 4
CV (a) and ECLs (b) of the Ru(bpy)32+−CPM system on different modified electrodes.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Effect of NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs modification amount (a), scanning rate (b), photomultiplier high pressure (c), Ru(bpy)32+ concentration (d), pH (e), and enrichment time (f) on the ECL intensity.
Figure 6
Figure 6
ECL curves (a) and standard curves (b) at CPM concentrations from 1.0 × 10–8 to 7.0 × 10–5 mol/L under optimal experimental conditions (n = 3).
Figure 7
Figure 7
Selectivity (a), repeatability (b), and reproducibility (c) of NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs (n = 3).
Scheme 1
Scheme 1
Synthesis of NiCoP/PVP/PAN/CNFs, assembly of ECL sensors, and applications.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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