Eye on cytomegalovirus: Unveiling the ophthalmic impact of cytomegalovirus

Abstract

Background: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus that can cause significant ocular morbidity, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.

Aim: To summarize the current understanding of the ophthalmic impact of CMV, with a focus on its epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management, ocular symptoms of CMV floaters, blurred vision, and loss of peripheral vision, eventually progressing to retinal necrosis and detachment. CMV retinitis (CMVR) is a sight-threatening condition that can lead to retinal detachment, blindness, and even death.

Methods: We discuss the pathophysiology of CMVR, including the role of immune suppression and viral reactivation. We also examine the clinical features of CMVR, including its characteristic retinal lesions and associated ocular complications. Diagnostic approaches are reviewed, including polymerase chain reaction and fundus photography.

Results: We discuss treatment options, including antiviral medications, intravitreal injections, and surgical interventions. Finally, we highlight areas of ongoing research and future directions in managing CMV-related ocular disease.

Conclusion: CMV poses a significant threat to ocular health, particularly in immunocompromised populations such as those with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

Keywords: Cytomegalovirus; Cytomegalovirus retinitis; Immune suppression; Immunocompromised; Ocular morbidity; Ophthalmic impact; Polymerase chain reaction.

Figure 1

The Preferred Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis diagram that shows the selection criteria.