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Review
. 2025 Jun 27;6(6):CD006023.
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD006023.pub4.

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD)

Patrizia Natale  1   2 , Suetonia C Green  3 , Marinella Ruospo  1 , Jonathan C Craig  4   5 , Mariacristina Vecchio  6 , Grahame J Elder  7   8   9 , Giovanni Fm Strippoli  1   2   4
Affiliations
Review

Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease-mineral and bone disorder (CKD-MBD)

Patrizia Natale et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. .

Abstract

Background: Phosphate binders lower serum phosphate levels for people with chronic kidney disease (CKD). This is an updated review, previously published in 2011 and 2018. New studies have been published and an update of the current evidence is needed.

Objectives: To assess the benefits and harms of phosphate binders for people with CKD and whether phosphate binders have different effects compared with each other.

Search methods: We searched the Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Register of Studies to 16 December 2024 by contacting the Information Specialist, using search terms relevant to this review. Studies in the Register are identified through searches of CENTRAL, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform Search Portal, and ClinicalTrials.gov.

Selection criteria: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of adults with CKD (any glomerular filtration rate; GFR) comparing a phosphate binder to placebo, usual care, or a different phosphate binder with follow-up of at least eight weeks. The key outcomes were death (all causes), cardiovascular death, hypercalcaemia, nausea, constipation, serum phosphate, and vascular calcification.

Data collection and analysis: Two authors independently selected studies for inclusion and extracted study data. We adjudicated the risk of bias using the Cochrane RoB 1 tool, and we used GRADE to assess the evidence certainty. We estimated treatment effects using random-effects meta-analysis. We expressed the results as risk ratios (RR) for dichotomous outcomes, and mean differences (MD) or standardised MD (SMD) for continuous outcomes, together with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Main results: This review includes 134 studies involving 20,913 adults. Thirty new studies were added to this update. We assessed the risk of bias as high or unclear for many methodological domains in the studies, and we judged the certainty of the evidence as low or very low. Most studies comparing phosphate binders with placebo/usual care were in people with CKD, while most head-to-head studies comparing two different phosphate binders involved participants on dialysis. The median study duration was 5.4 months, and the median study age was 58 years. Compared to placebo/usual care, sevelamer may have little or no effect on death from any cause (RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.13 to 1.53; 6 studies, 781 participants; low-certainty evidence), and uncertain effects on hypercalcaemia and nausea, but may increase the risk of constipation (RR 3.27, 95% CI 1.38 to 7.74; 5 studies, 632 participants; low-certainty evidence) in people with CKD. Compared to placebo/usual care, sevelamer may have little or no effect on serum phosphate (MD -0.27 mg/L, 95% CI -0.71 to 0.17; 6 studies, 671 participants; low-certainty evidence) and on coronary artery calcium score (MD -70.19, 95% CI -362.44 to 222.06; 2 studies, 115 participants; low-certainty evidence). The effects of sevelamer on cardiovascular death were not estimable as no events were reported in any of the included studies (3 studies, 222 participants; low-certainty evidence). Compared to placebo/usual care, lanthanum may have little or no effect on death from any cause (RR 0.33, 95% CI 0.10 to 1.05; 7 studies, 694 participants; low-certainty evidence) and uncertain effects on both cardiovascular death (no events were reported in any of the included studies) and hypercalcaemia; however, lanthanum may increase the risk of nausea (RR 2.99, 95% CI 1.42 to 6.31; 5 studies, 484 participants; low-certainty evidence) and constipation (RR 2.98, 95% CI 1.21 to 7.30; 4 studies, 299 participants; low-certainty evidence) in people with CKD. Compared to placebo/usual care, lanthanum may slightly reduce serum phosphate (MD -0.31 mg/dL, 95% CI -0.61 to -0.01; 7 studies, 456 participants; low-certainty evidence) but may have uncertain effects on coronary artery calcification score. Compared to calcium, sevelamer may reduce death from any cause (RR 0.54, 95% CI 0.32 to 0.93; 19 studies, 4403 participants; low-certainty evidence), have uncertain effects on cardiovascular death, may result in less hypercalcaemia (RR 0.30, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.43; 20 studies, 4124 participants; low-certainty evidence), and may have little or no effect on nausea (RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.71; 4 studies, 365 participants; low-certainty evidence) and constipation (RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.71 to 2.57; 6 studies, 2652 participants; low-certainty evidence) in people on dialysis. Compared to calcium, sevelamer may have little or no effect on serum phosphate (MD 0.08 mg/dL, 95% CI -0.09 to 0.24 mg/dL; 26 studies, 4537 participants; low-certainty evidence) and coronary artery calcium score (MD -24.89 score, 95% CI -75.66 to 25.88; 4 studies, 517 participants; low-certainty evidence). Compared to calcium, lanthanum may have little or no effect on death from any cause (RR 1.08, 95% CI 0.88 to 1.33; 9 studies, 2829 participants; low-certainty evidence) and cardiovascular death (RR 1.49, 95% CI 1.01 to 2.21; 5 studies, 2672 participants; low-certainty evidence), may result in less hypercalcaemia (RR 0.16, 95% CI 0.06 to 0.43; 8 studies, 1347 participants; low-certainty evidence), but may have little or no effect on nausea (RR 1.65, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.89; 5 studies, 1191 participants; low-certainty evidence) and constipation (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.50 to 1.26; 5 studies, 1213 participants; low-certainty evidence) in people on dialysis. Compared to calcium, lanthanum may have no effect on serum phosphate (MD -0.04 mg/dL, 95% CI -0.37 to 0.29; I2 = 74%; 11 studies, 497 participants; low-certainty evidence) and uncertain effects on coronary artery calcium score. The evidence for the effects of head-to-head comparisons on key clinical outcomes was sparse.

Authors' conclusions: Sevelamer may lower death from any cause and incur less hypercalcaemia compared to calcium-based binders in people on dialysis. Lanthanum may also result in less hypercalcaemia compared to calcium. Sevelamer may increase the risk of constipation, while lanthanum may increase both the risk of nausea and constipation, but may slightly reduce serum phosphate in people with CKD compared to placebo/usual care. No clinically important benefits of phosphate binders were identified for cardiovascular death or coronary artery calcium score compared to placebo/usual care. The evidence for the effects of other phosphate binders on key clinical outcomes in head-to-head comparisons was uncertain.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01057407 NCT01742585 NCT01968759 NCT00785629 NCT01736397 NCT02492620 NCT01135615 NCT00211939 NCT01845090 NCT00704678 NCT03001011 NCT00316472 NCT02258074 NCT00806481 NCT00324571 NCT00324376 NCT02268994 NCT01324128 NCT01464190 NCT01220843 NCT04922645 NCT00710788 NCT00843349 NCT01850602 NCT01357317 NCT01578200 NCT01503736 NCT01755078 NCT03644264 NCT00542386 NCT00416520 NCT00542815 NCT01011699 NCT03427125 NCT01128179 NCT00211978 NCT02199444 NCT00234702 NCT01110629 NCT01493050 NCT03984760 NCT00508885 NCT00505037 NCT01039428 NCT01231438 NCT01057108 NCT01475760 NCT01074125 NCT01069692 NCT02688764 NCT00506441 NCT01161407 NCT01521494 NCT00853242 NCT00018135 NCT00364000 NCT00436683 NCT00660530 NCT00745589 NCT01427907 NCT01748396 NCT02027662 NCT02684643 NCT03163576 NCT03305471 NCT02151643 NCT01191762 NCT00441545 NCT01049815 NCT01191255 NCT00824460 NCT00317694 NCT00560300 NCT03573089.

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Conflict of interest statement

  1. Patrizia Natale declares that she has no conflicts of interest.

  2. Suetonia C Green is a Nephrologist with Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand, and an Editor with Cochrane Kidney and Transplant. She was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

  3. Marinella Ruospo: has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

  4. Jonathan C Craig is the Co‐ordinating Editor of Cochrane Kidney and Transplant. He was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

  5. Mariacristina Vecchio has declared that she has no conflicts of interest.

  6. Grahame J Elder (GJE) was a member of the Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) workgroup for the 2023 Madrid Controversies meeting on KDIGO guidelines for CKD‐MBD. GJE was involved in the IMPROVE‐CKD 2019 study, funded by the Australian Government National Health and Medical Research Council, but he was not involved in study selection, data extraction, assessment of risk of bias or GRADE for that study. These tasks were performed by two independent review authors (PN and MR).

  7. Giovanni FM Strippoli is the Deputy Co‐ordinating Editor and Feedback Editor of Cochrane Kidney and Transplant. He was not involved in the editorial process for this review.

Update of

References

References to studies included in this review

Ahmed 2014 {published data only}
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Birck 1999 {published data only}
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Bleyer 1999 {published data only}
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Block 2005 {published data only}
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Block 2009 {published data only}
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    1. Miyazaki M, Miyazaki-anza S, Keenan AL, Nowak KL, Kendrick JB, Block GA, et al. Deoxycholic acid (DCA), a metabolite of circulating bile acids and coronary vascular calcifications in chronic kidney disease (CKD) [abstract no: SA-PO598]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2015;26(Abstract Suppl):762A. [EMBASE: 641100586]
Block 2015 {published data only}
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BRiC 2005 {published data only}
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Bro 1998 {published data only}
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    1. Qunibi W, Moustafa M, Kessler P, Bortley E, Muenz L, Budoff M. Progression of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in hemodialysis patients (HDP) despite excellent control of LDL cholesterol: the Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation-2 (CARE-2) study [abstract no: FP386]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi148. [CENTRAL: CN-00691160]
    1. Qunibi W, Moustafa M, Kessler P, Muenz LR, Budoff M. Coronary artery calcification (CAC) in hemodialysis patients (HDP): preliminary results from the calcium acetate renagel evaluation-2 (CARE-2) study [abstract no: TH-PO845]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006;17(Abstracts):286A. [CENTRAL: CN-00602067]
    1. Qunibi W, Moustafa M, Muenz LR, He DY, Kessler PD, Diaz-Buxo JA, et al. A 1-year randomized trial of calcium acetate versus sevelamer on progression of coronary artery calcification in hemodialysis patients with comparable lipid control: the Calcium Acetate Renagel Evaluation-2 (CARE-2) study. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008;51(6):952-65. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chang 2017 {published data only}
    1. Chang YM, Tsai SC, Shiao CC, Liou HH, Yang CL, Tung NY, et al. Effects of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate on fibroblast growth factor 23 and hepcidin levels in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2017;21(5):908-16 [Erratum in: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 2017 Feb 23]. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-016-1362-9] - DOI - PubMed
Chen 2011b {published data only}
    1. Akiba T, Chen JB, Chen HC, Obayashi S, Nagasawa M, Hexham M, et al. SBR759 is well-tolerated with good gastrointestinal tolerability profile compared to sevelamer hydrochloride [abstract no: SA-PO2348]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010;21(Abstract Suppl):647A.
    1. Chen JB, Chiang SS, Chen HC, Obayashi S, Nagasawa M, Hexham JM, et al. Efficacy and safety of SBR759, a novel calcium-free, iron(III)-based phosphate binder, in Asian patients undergoing hemodialysis: a 12-week, randomized, open-label, dose-titration study versus sevelamer hydrochloride. Nephrology 2011;16(8):743-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Chen JB, Chiang SS, Chen HC, Obayashi S, Nagasawa M, Hexham JM, et al. SBR759, a novel phosphate binder, effectively controls hyperphosphatemia in Asian patients on hemodialysis versus sevelamer [abstract no: FP08-08]. Nephrology 2010;15(Suppl 3):51. [EMBASE: 70467427]
    1. Chen JB, Chiang SS, Chen HC, Obayashi S, Nagasawa M, Hexham M, et al. SBR759 is more effective than sevelamer hydrochloride in sustaining serum phosphate reduction in hemodialysis patients [abstract no: SA-PO2347]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010;21(Abstract Suppl):647A.
    1. Chen JB, Chiang SS, Hen HC, Obayashi S, Nagasawa M, Hexham JM, et al. SBR759, a novel phosphate binder, is superior to sevelamer HCL in controlling hyperphosphatemia in Asian patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: SA582]. NDT Plus 2010;3(Suppl 3):iii238. [EMBASE: 70484048]
Chen 2014 {published data only}
    1. Chen N, Wu X, Ding X, Mei C, Fu P, Jiang G, et al. Sevelamer carbonate lowers serum phosphorus effectively in haemodialysis patients: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(1):152-60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Chen N. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled,dose-titration study of sevelamer carbonate in hemodialysis patients [abstract no: FR-PO1211]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):392A.
Chen 2023 {published data only}
    1. Chen W, Liu HF, Chen QK, Zhao MH, Chen XN, Liu H, et al. Efficacy and safety of sevelamer carbonate in Chinese nondialysis chronic kidney disease patients with hyperphosphatemia: a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group study. Kidney Diseases 2023;9(2):82-93. [DOI: 10.1159/000527833] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yu X. Efficacy and safety of sevelamer carbonate in non-dialysis hyperphosphatemia patients: a randomized, double blind, parallel group study for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients with chronic kidney disease not on dialysis in China [abstract no: P0880]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2020;35(Suppl 3):iii1202. [EMBASE: 633421565]
Cheng 2008 {published data only}
    1. Cheng SC, Young DO, Delmez JA, Coyne DW. The effect of oral niacinamide on serum phosphorus levels in hemodialysis patients [abstract no: PUB430]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2007;18(Abstracts):924A.
    1. Cheng SC, Young DO, Huang Y, Delmez JA, Coyne DW. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of niacinamide for reduction of phosphorus in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2008;3(4):1131-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Chennasamudram 2013 {published data only}
    1. Chennasamudram SP, Noor T, Vasylyeva TL. Comparison of sevelamer and calcium carbonate on endothelial function and inflammation in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Journal of Renal Care 2013;39(2):82-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Chennasamudram SP, Vasylyeva TL. Pleiotropic effects sevelamer in peritoneal dialysis patients with type II diabetes mellitus [abstract no: SA-PO876]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):842A.
Chertow 1999 {published data only}
    1. Chertow GM, Dillon M, Burke SK, Steg M, Bleyer AJ, Garrett BN, et al. A randomized trial of sevelamer hydrochloride (RenaGel) with and without supplemental calcium. Strategies for the control of hyperphosphatemia and hyperparathyroidism in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Nephrology 1999;51(1):18-26. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chertow 2002 {published data only}
    1. Asmus HG, Braun J, Krause R, Brunkhorst R, Holzer H, Schulz W, et al. Two year comparison of sevelamer and calcium carbonate effects on cardiovascular calcification and bone density. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(8):1653-61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bommer J, Asmus G, Braun J, Brunkhorst R, Holzer H, Krause R, et al. Sevelamer is more effective than calcium in the management of mineral metabolism and arterial calcification [abstract no: O106]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 1):32. [CENTRAL: CN-00509096]
    1. Bommer J, European Renagel Investigators Group. Lipid lowering effect of renagel, a novel phosphate binder [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2001;16(6):A122. [CENTRAL: CN-00444477]
    1. Braun J, Asmus HG, Holzer H, Brunkhorst R, Krause R, Schulz W, et al. Long-term comparison of a calcium-free phosphate binder and calcium carbonate--phosphorus metabolism and cardiovascular calcification. Clinical Nephrology 2004;62(2):104-15. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Raggi P, Treat to Goal Working Group. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary and aortic calcification in hemodialysis patients. Kidney International 2002;62(1):245-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
COMBINE 2019 {published data only}
    1. Isakova T, Kendrick CA, Larive B, Gassman JJ, Raphael KL, Raj DS, et al. Magnetic resonance measurements of intra-renal oxygenation and fibrosis and change in kidney function: COMBINE trial [abstract no: TH-PO1125]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2018;29:413. [EMBASE: 633734864]
    1. Isakova T, Larive B, Gassman JJ, Raphael KL, Cheung AK, Raj DS, et al. Effects of lanthanum carbonate on mineral metabolism in normophosphatemic patients with CKD: secondary analysis of the COMBINE trial [abstract no: TH-PO200]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2018;29:164. [EMBASE: 633737789]
    1. Ix JH, Isakova T, Larive B, Raphael KL, Raj DS, Cheung AK, et al. Effects of nicotinamide and lanthanum carbonate on serum phosphate and fibroblast growth factor-23 in CKD: the COMBINE trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2019;30(6):1096-108. [DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2018101058] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ix JH, Isakova T, Sprague SM, Raphael KL, Gassman JJ, Fried LF, et al. A new approach to phosphate and FGF23 lowering: design of the COMBINE trial [abstract no: PUB111]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2015;26:911A. [EMBASE: 641102399]
    1. Ix JH, Kendrick CA, Hoofnagle AN, Raphael KL, Raj DS, Cheung AK, et al. Determinants of C-terminal vs. intact FGF-23 in CKD: the COMBINE trial [abstract no: FR-PO161]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2019;30:475. [EMBASE: 633769939]
CRIB‐PHOS 2011 {published data only}35254279
    1. Chue CD, Townend JN, Moody WE, Zehnder D, Wall NA, Harper L, et al. Cardiovascular effects of sevelamer in stage 3 CKD. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2013;24(5):842-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Chue CD, Townend JN, Steeds RP, Ferro CJ. Evaluating the effects of sevelamer carbonate on cardiovascular structure and function in chronic renal impairment in Birmingham: the CRIB-PHOS randomised controlled trial. Trials 2011;12(1):30. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
D'Haese 2003 {published data only}
    1. D'Haese PC, Spasovski GB, Sikole A, Hutchinson A, Freemont TJ, Sulkova S, et al. A multicenter study on the effects of lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) and calcium carbonate on renal bone disease in dialysis patients. Kidney International. Supplement 2003;85:S73-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. D'Haese PC, Spasovski GB, Sikole A, Hutchinson A, Freemont TJ, Sulkova S, et al. Multi-centre study on the effects of lanthanum carbonate (FosrenolTM) and calcium carbonate on renal bone disease in dialysis patients [abstract no: PS1-15]. Nephrology 2003;8(Suppl 1):A28. - PubMed
    1. De Broe ME, D'Haese PC, Freemont TJ, Webster I, Gill M, Spasovski GB. Comparative effects of lanthanum carbonate (fosrenol) and calcium carbonate on renal bone disease in dialysis patients: results from a large, long-term clinical trial [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):682. [CENTRAL: CN-00445015]
    1. Freemont A, Jones C. The effects of the phosphate binders lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate on bone: a comparative study in patients with chronic kidney disease [abstract no:SP270]. In: 41st Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15-18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004:106. [CENTRAL: CN-00509202]
    1. Freemont A. The effects of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate on bone in patients with chronic kidney disease [abstract no: 33]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2004;43(4):A23. [CENTRAL: CN-00644282]
DCOR 2007 {published data only}
    1. St Peter W, Liu J, Fan Q, Weinhandl E, Chronic Disease Research Group. DCOR Study: assessing impact of sevelamer vs calcium binders on hospitalization and morbidity in hemodialysis patients using CMS data [abstract no: TH-PO846]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006;17(Abstracts):287A. [CENTRAL: CN-00602069]
    1. St Peter WL, Fan Q, Weinhandl E, Liu J. Economic evaluation of sevelamer versus calcium-based phosphate binders in hemodialysis patients: a secondary analysis using centers for Medicare & Medicaid services data. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2009;4(12):1954-61. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. St Peter WL, Liu J, Weinhandl E, Fan Q. A comparison of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on mortality, hospitalization, and morbidity in hemodialysis: a secondary analysis of the Dialysis Clinical Outcomes Revisited (DCOR) randomized trial using claims data. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008;51(3):445-54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. St Peter WL, Liu J, Weinhandl ED, Fan Q. Linking Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services data with prospective DCOR trial data: methods and data comparison results. Hemodialysis International 2008;12(4):480-91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. StPeter W, Liu J, Fan Q, Weinhandl E, Chronic Disease Research Group. DCOR Study: assessing economic impact of sevelamer vs calcium binders on hospitalization and morbidity in hemodialysis patients using CMS data [abstract no: TH-PO847]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006;17(Abstracts):287A. [CENTRAL: CN-00602068]
Delmez 1996 {published data only}
    1. Delmez JA, Kelber J, Norwood KY, Giles KS, Slatopolsky E. The clinical evaluation of magnesium carbonate (MgCo3) as a phosphorous (P) binder in the suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism [abstract]. In: ISN XIII International Congress of Nephrology; 1995 Jul 2-6; Madrid, Spain. 1995:416.
    1. Delmez JA, Kelber J, Norword KY, Giles KS, Slatopolsky E. Magnesium carbonate as a phosphorus binder: a prospective, controlled, crossover study. Kidney International 1996;49(1):163-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Delmez 2007 {published data only}
    1. Delmez J, Block G, Bleyer A, Robertson J, Chasan-Taber S, Dillon M, et al. A randomized, double-blind cross-over design study of sevelamer hydrochloride (SH, Renegel®) and sevelamer carbonate (SC) in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: 48]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2007;49(4):A36. [CENTRAL: CN-00671791] - PubMed
    1. Delmez J, Block G, Bleyer A, Robertson J, Chasan-Taber S, Dillon M, et al. Results of a randomized, double-blind, cross-over design study of sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel®) and sevelamer carbonate in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: SaP377]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi361. [CENTRAL: CN-00671790] - PubMed
    1. Delmez J, Block G, Robertson J, Chasan-Taber S, Blair A, Dillon M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, crossover design study of sevelamer hydrochloride and sevelamer carbonate in patients on hemodialysis. Clinical Nephrology 2007;68(6):386-91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
De Santo 2006 {published data only}
    1. De Santo NG, Frangiosa A, Anastasio P, Marino A, Correale G, Perna A, et al. Sevelamer worsens metabolic acidosis in hemodialysis patients. Journal of Nephrology 2006;19 Suppl 9:S108-14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Deuber 2004 {published data only}
    1. Deuber H. Effective reduction of serum phosphate by a calcium and magnesium containing phosphate binder without induction of hypermagnesemia [abstract no: W422]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):680-1. [CENTRAL: CN-00445085]
    1. Deuber HJ. Combined use of calcium acetate and magnesium carbonate as phosphate binder [Kombinierter einsatz von kalziumazetat und magnesiumkarbonat als orale phosphatbinder]. Nieren und Hochdruckkrankheiten 2004;33(8):403-8. [EMBASE: 39150178]
Diaz‐De la Cruz 2021 {published data only}
    1. Diaz-De la Cruz EN, Cerrillos-Gutierrez JI, Garcia-Sanchez A, Prado-Nevarez CG, Andrade-Sierra J, Jalomo-Martinez B, et al. The influence of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate on markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in hemodialysis at six months of follow-up. Frontiers in Medicine 2021;8:714205. [DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.714205] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
EPISODE 2018 {published data only}000023648051180048
    1. Isaka Y, Fujii H, Tsujimoto Y, Teramukai S, Hamano T. Rationale, design, and characteristics of EPISODE trial [abstract no: PUB088]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2018;29:1051. [EMBASE: 633732995]
    1. Isaka Y, Fujii H, Tsujimoto Y, Teramukai S, Hamano T. Rationale, design, and characteristics of a trial to evaluate the new phosphate iron-based binder sucroferric oxyhydroxide in dialysis patients with the goal of advancing the practice of E.B.M. (EPISODE). Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 2018;22(4):967-72. - PubMed
    1. Isaka Y, Hamano T, Fujii H, Teramukai S, Tsujimoto Y, Tanaka R, et al. A randomized trial of optimal phosphate range for coronary artery calcification in dialysis patients [abstract no: FR-OR031]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2019;30(Abstract Suppl):49. [EMBASE: 633770527] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Isaka Y, Hamano T, Fujii H, Tsujimoto Y, Koiwa F, Sakaguchi Y, et al. Optimal phosphate control related to coronary artery calcification in dialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2021;32(3):723-35. [DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020050598] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Evenepoel 2009 {published data only}
    1. Evenepoel P, Selgas R, Caputo F, Foggensteiner L, Heaf JG, Ortiz A, et al. Efficacy and safety of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium acetate in patients on peritoneal dialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2009;24(1):278-85. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Evenepoel P, Selgas R, Duggal A, Kelly A, Fan SL. Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel®) and calcium acetate on controlling serum phosphorus in peritoneal dialysis patients [abstract no: MP580]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2006;21(Suppl 4):iv496. [CENTRAL: CN-00671825]
    1. Evenepoel P, Selgas R, Duggal A, Kelly AL, Fan SL. Comparative effects of sevelamer hydrochloride (Renagel®) and calcium acetate on markers of mineral metabolism in peritoneal dialysis patients [abstract no: TH-PO778]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006;17(Abstracts):272A. [CENTRAL: CN-00671824]
Evsanaa 2015 {published data only}
    1. Evsanaa B, Liu I, Aliazardeh B, Mahdavi S, Bajwa G, Gula J, et al. MgCaCO3 versus CaCO3 in peritoneal dialysis patients--a cross-over pilot trial. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2015;35(1):31-4. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ferreira 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ferreira A, Frazão JM, Monier-Faugere MC, Gil C, Galvao J, Oliveira C, et al. Effects of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate on renal osteodystrophy in hemodialysis patients. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2008;19(2):405-12. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fishbane 2010 {published data only}
    1. Fishbane S, Delmez J, Suki W, Hariachar S, Moe S, Heaton J. Sevelamer carbonate powder dosed once per day and sevelamer hydrochloride tablets dosed three times per day: a randomized, parallel, open-label study in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: M621]. In: World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22-26; Milan, Italy. 2009.
    1. Fishbane S, Delmez J, Suki WN, Hariachar S, Moe S. A randomized, parallel, open-label study to compare once per day sevelamer carbonate powder dosing with three times per day sevelamer hydrochloride tablet dosing in chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: PUB556]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):936A. [CENTRAL: CN-00747271] - PubMed
    1. Fishbane S, Delmez J, Suki WN, Hariachar SK, Heaton J, Chasan-Taber S, et al. A randomized, parallel, open-label study to compare once-daily sevelamer carbonate powder dosing with thrice-daily sevelamer hydrochloride tablet dosing in CKD patients on hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;55(2):307-15. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fishbane 2017a {published data only}
    1. Block GA, Fishbane S, Pergola PE, Uhlig K, Neylan JF, Chertow GM. Effects of ferric citrate on parameters of mineral and bone metabolism in patients with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) treated for iron deficiency anemia (IDA) [abstract no: TH-PO903]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2016;27(Abstract Suppl):303A.
    1. Block GA, Pergola PE, Fishbane S, Martins JG, LeWinter RD, Uhlig K, et al. Effect of ferric citrate on serum phosphate and fibroblast growth factor 23 among patients with nondialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease: path analyses. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2019;34(7):1115-24. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy318] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Block GA, Pergola PE, Uhlig K, Neylan JF, Fishbane S, Chertow GM. Ferric citrate lowered serum phosphate only when elevated in patients with nondialysis-dependent (NDD) CKD and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) [abstract no: TH-PO514]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2017;28(Abstract Suppl):232. [EMBASE: 633697616] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Block GA, Pergola PE, Uhlig K, Neylan JF, Fishbane S, Chertow GM. Ferric citrate reduced FGF23 in patients with non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA) irrespective of the change in serum phosphate (P) [Abstract no: TH-OR038]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2017;28(Abstract Suppl):11. [EMBASE: 633700722]
    1. Chertow GM, Fishbane S, Pergola PE, Uhlig K, Neylan JF, Block GA. Hemoglobin response to ferric citrate (FC) in subjects with non-dialysis dependent (NDD) chronic kidney disease (CKD) and iron deficiency anemia (IDA): data from a phase 3 clinical trial [abstract no: TH-PO902]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2016;27(Abstract Suppl):303A. [EMBASE: 641133523]
Floege 2014 {published data only}
    1. Covic A, Ketteler M, Rastogi A, Spinowitz B, Sprague SM, Botha J, et al. Comparison of safety profiles of PA21 and sevelamer carbonate in a post hoc analysis of a phase 3 study [abstract no: SP245]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(Suppl 3):iii153. [EMBASE: 71491873]
    1. Covic A, Ketteler M, Rastogi A, Spinowitz B, Sprague SM, Botha J, et al. Efficacy and safety of PA21 and sevelamer carbonate in haemodialysis patients with or without diabetes: a post hoc analysis of a phase 3 study [abstract no: SP241]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(Suppl 3):iii152. [EMBASE: 71491869]
    1. Covic A, Sprague S, Ketteler M, Rastogi A, Spinowitz B, Rakov V, et al. FP397 Post hoc analysis of iron indices in dialysis patients with lower vs higher baseline ferritin in a phase 3 study of sucroferric oxyhydroxide [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2015;30(Suppl 3):iii202. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv176.21] - DOI
    1. Covic A, Sprague S, Ketteler M, Spinowitz B, Rastogi A, Rakov V, et al. Post hoc analysis of IV iron and ESA use over 1 year in a phase 3 study of sucroferric oxyhydroxide [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2015;30(Suppl 3):iii197. [DOI: ]
    1. Covic AC, Floege J, Ketteler M, Sprague SM, Lisk L, Rakov V, et al. Iron-related parameters in dialysis patients treated with sucroferric oxyhydroxide. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(8):1330-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Foraster 1998 {published data only}
    1. Foraster A, Gonzalez MT, Carreras J, Prieto ML, Sampietro J, Bonnin R, et al. Calcium acetate. A good alternative to calcium carbonate for treating hyperphosphoremia in chronic hemodialysis patients with high risk of hypercalcemia [Acetato calcico. Una buena alternativa al carbonato calcico, como quelante del fosforo, en los pacientes en hemodialisis con riesgo de hipercalcemia]. Nefrologia 1998;18(4):296-301. [EMBASE: 28410974]
FRENCH 2017 {published data only}2010‐020872‐49
    1. Bennis Y, Cluet Y, Titeca-Beauport D, El Esper N, Urena P, Bodeau S, et al. The effect of sevelamer on serum levels of gut-derived uremic toxins: results from in vitro experiments and a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial. Toxins 2019;11(5):E279. [DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050279] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Liabeuf S, Bennis Y, Romezin J, Ryckelynck J, El Esper N, Urena P, et al. The impact of sevelamer on gut derived uremic toxins levels: results from a multicenter, double blind, randomized, placebo controlled clinical trial [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(Suppl 3):iii199. [EMBASE: 617290697]
    1. Liabeuf S, Ryckelink JP, El Esper N, Urena P, Combe C, Dussol B, et al. FP409 Sevelamer carbonate reduces phosphaturia but has no effect on serumc-terminal fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in stage 3b/4 CKD patients: the results of a French, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-control, randomized clinical trial [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2015;30(Suppl 3):iii207. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv177.08] - DOI
    1. Liabeuf S, Ryckelynck JP, El Esper N, Urena P, Combe C, Dussol B, et al. Randomized clinical trial of sevelamer carbonate on serum klotho and fibroblast growth factor 23 in CKD. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2017;12(12):1930-40. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fujii 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fujii H, Kono K, Goto S, Nakai K, Watanabe S, Watanabe K, et al. MP586 Effect of lanthanum carbonate on cardiac abnormalities in patients new to hemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(Suppl 3):iii645. [EMBASE: 617289957]
    1. Fujii H, Kono K, Nakai K, Goto S, Nishii T, Kono A, et al. Effects of lanthanum carbonate on coronary artery calcification and cardiac abnormalities after initiating hemodialysis. Calcified Tissue International 2018;102(3):310-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0347-3] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Fujii H, Nakai K, Kono K, Goto S, Kitamura K, Yonekura Y, et al. Effect of lanthanum carbonate on coronary artery calcification during the early period after the initiation of haemodialysis [abstract no: SP477]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2016;31(Suppl 1):i252. [EMBASE: 72326579]
    1. Goto K, Goto S, Fujii H, Kono K, Nishi S. The effects of lanthanum carbonate on bone metabolic markers and bone mineral density in incident hemodialysis patients [abstract no: SA-PO667]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2018;29(Abstract Suppl):908. [EMBASE: 633733686]
    1. Goto K, Goto S, Fujii H, Watanabe K, Kono K, Nishi S. Effects of lanthanum carbonate on bone markers and bone mineral density in incident hemodialysis patients. Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism 2019;37(6):1075-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00774-019-01018-8] - DOI - PubMed
Fujimori 2017 {published data only}
    1. Fujimori A, Ohkawa S, Okada S, Mizobuchi N, Sakai M, Hasuike Y, et al. Comparison of the suppressive effects on fibroblast growth factor 23 between ferric citrate and lanthanum carbonate [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(Suppl 3):iii244-5. [EMBASE: 617291229]
Gallieni 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gallieni M, Cicchetti T, Salvadori M, Sorba G, Stalteri A, Tarchini R, et al. Comparison of sevelamer HCL and calcium carbonate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients: a randomized clinical trial - Calcium Carbonate Sevelamer Evaluation (CaCSE) study [abstract no: SA-PO867]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2005;16:746A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583853]
Greenberg 1994 {published data only}
    1. Greenberg S, Shapiro W, Poruch JG. Calcium acetate (CaA) vs calcium carbonate (CaCo) as a phosphorus (P) binder (B) in CAPD patients (pts) [abstract]. In: ISN XIII International Congress of Nephrology; 1995 Jul 2-6; Madrid, Spain. 1995:472. [CENTRAL: CN-00509217]
    1. Greenberg S, Shapiro W, Poruch JG. Calcium acetate (aa) vs calcium carbonate (CaCo) as a phosphorus (P) binder (B) in CAPD patients (pts) [abstract]. In: ISN XIII International Congress of Nephrology; 1995 Jul 2-6; Madrid, Spain. 1995:472.
    1. Greenberg S, Shapiro W, Porush JG. Calcium acetate (CAA) vs calcium carbonate (CaCo) as a phosphorus (P) binder (B) in CAPD patients (pts) [abstract]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 1994;5(3):492. [CENTRAL: CN-00626088]
Hervas 2003 {published data only}
    1. Hervas JG, Prados D, Cerezo S. Treatment of hyperphosphatemia with sevelamer hydrochloride in hemodialysis patients: a comparison with calcium acetate. Kidney International. Supplement 2003;85:69-72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Hutchison 2005 {published data only}
    1. Gill M, Webster I, Segars L. Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate, the novel phosphate binder, in Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease [abstract]. Nephrology Nursing Journal 2004;31(2):141.
    1. Hutchison A, Webster I, Gill M, Schmieder R. Safety and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate in haemodialysis patients: a 12-month study [abstract no: W431]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):684.
    1. Hutchison A, Webster I. Lanthanum carbonate versus calcium carbonate: effect on parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels [abstract no: F-PO656]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2003;14(Nov):205A.
    1. Hutchison A, Webster I. Maintained safety, tolerability and efficacy of lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenal®) during long-term therapy in hemodialysis patients [Abstract no: SU-PO1039]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2003;14(Nov):764A.
    1. Hutchison A, Webster I. Safety and efficacy data for lanthanum carbonate: a summary from three studies [abstract]. In: 41st Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15-18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004:107.
IMPACT 2024 {published data only}
    1. Block GA, Mizani MR, Broumand V, Newby FD, Erinle A, Arias C, et al. A randomized trial of the impact of ferric citrate on erythropoietin and intravenous iron use in patients receiving dialysis. American Journal of Nephrology 2024;55(5):520-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000540227] - DOI - PubMed
IMPROVE‐CKD 2019 {published data only}12610000650099
    1. Lioufas N, Toussaint ND, Pedagogos E, Elder G, Badve SV, Pascoe E, et al. Can we IMPROVE cardiovascular outcomes through phosphate lowering in CKD? Rationale and protocol for the IMpact of Phosphate Reduction On Vascular End-points in Chronic Kidney Disease (IMPROVE-CKD) study. BMJ Open 2019;9(2):e024382. [DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024382] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lioufas NM, Pedagogos E, Hawley CM, Pascoe EM, Elder GJ, Badve SV, et al. Aortic calcification and arterial stiffness burden in a chronic kidney disease cohort with high cardiovascular risk: baseline characteristics of the impact of phosphate reduction on vascular end-points in chronic kidney disease trial. American Journal of Nephrology 2020;51(3):201-15. [DOI: 10.1159/000505717] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Tiong MK, Smith ER, Pascoe EM, Elder GJ, Lioufas NM, Pedagogos E, et al. Effect of lanthanum carbonate on serum calciprotein particles in patients with stage 3-4 CKD-results from a placebo-controlled randomized trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2023;38(2):344-51. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac043] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Toussaint N, Pedagogos E. IMpact of phosphate Reduction On Vascular End-points in CKD (IMPROVE-CKD): a randomized, placebo-controlled trial [abstract no: TH-PO1190]. In: American Society of Nephrology, Kidney Week 2019; 2019 Nov 7; Washington DC, USA. 2019. [URL: https://www.asn-online.org/education/kidneyweek/2019/program-abstract.as...]
    1. Toussaint ND, Pedagogos E, Lioufas NM, Elder GJ, Pascoe EM, Badve SV, et al. A randomized trial on the effect of phosphate reduction on vascular end points in CKD (IMPROVE-CKD). Journal of the American Society of Nephrology 2020;31(11):2653-66. [DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020040411] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
INDEPENDENT‐CKD 2012 {published data only}
    1. Del Pino MD, Pons R, Rodriguez-Carmona A, Rubio LM, Subira R. Cost-effectiveness of sevelamer versus calcium carbonate in non-dialysis dependent chronic kidney disease patients in Spain [Analisis coste-efectividad de sevelamero frente a carbonato calcico en pacientes con enfermedad renal cronica no dependientes de dialisis en Espana]. Pharmacoeconomics - Spanish Research Articles 2016;13(2):49-56. [EMBASE: 610467965]
    1. Di Iorio B, Bellasi A, Pota A, Russo L, Russo D. Effect of phosphate binder therapy on mortality in pre-dialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii127. [EMBASE: 70765659]
    1. Di Iorio B, Bellasi A, Russo D. Mortality in kidney disease patients treated with phosphate binders: a randomized study. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2012;7(3):487-3 [Erratum in: Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2012 Aug;7(8):1370-1]. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Ruggeri M, Cipriani F, Bellasi A, Russo D, Di Iorio B. Sevelamer is cost-saving vs. calcium carbonate in non-dialysis-dependent CKD patients in Italy: a patient-level cost-effectiveness analysis of the INDEPENDENT study. Blood Purification 2014;37(4):316-24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Russo D, Bellasi A, Pota A, Russo L, Di Iorio B. Effects of phosphorus-restricted diet and phosphate-binding therapy on outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Journal of Nephrology 2015;28(1):73-80. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
INDEPENDENT‐HD 2009 {published data only}
    1. Bellasi A, Cozzolino M, Russo D, Molony D, Di Iorio B. Cinacalcet but not vitamin D use modulates the survival benefit associated with sevelamer in the INDEPENDENT study. Clinical Nephrology 2016;86(9):113-24. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Bellasi A, Cozzolino M, Russo D, Molony DA, Di Iorio B. Cinacalcet but not vitamin D use modulates the survival benefit associated with sevelamer in the INDEPENDENT study [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2015;30(Suppl 3):iii588. [EMBASE: 72207961] - PubMed
    1. Bellasi A, Cozzolino M, Russo D, Molony DA, Di Iorio BR. Cinacalcet but not vitamin D use modulates the survival benefit associated with sevelamer in the INDEPENDENT study [abstract no: TH-PO590]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2014;25(Abstract Suppl):242A. - PubMed
    1. Di Iorio B, Molony D, Bell C, Cucciniello E, Bellizzi V, Russo D, et al. Sevelamer versus calcium carbonate in incident hemodialysis patients: results of an open-label 24-month randomized clinical trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2013;62(4):771-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Isakova 2013 {published data only}
    1. Isakova T, Barchi-Chung A, Enfield G, Smith K, Vargas G, Houston J, et al. Effects of dietary phosphate restriction and phosphate binders on FGF23 Levels in CKD. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2013;8(6):1009-18. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Itoh 2008 {published data only}
    1. Itoh K, Tanaka M, Hashiguchi J, Funakoshi S, Nakano H, Kubo H, et al. Comparison of sevelamer hydrochloride with colestimide, administered alone or in combination with calcium carbonate, in patients on hemodialysis. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2008;12(2):126-32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Janssen 1995 {published data only}
    1. Janssen MJ, Kuy A, Ter Wee PM, Boven WP. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate and erythropoietin dosages in haemodialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1995;10(12):2321-4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Janssen 1996 {published data only}
    1. Janssen MJ, Kuy A, Ter Wee PM, Boven WP. Aluminum hydroxide, calcium carbonate and calcium acetate in chronic intermittent hemodialysis patients. Clinical Nephrology 1996;45(2):111-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jespersen 1991 {published data only}
    1. Jespersen B, Jensen JD, Nielsen HK, Lauridsen IN, Andersen MJ, Poulsen JH, et al. Comparison of calcium carbonate and aluminium hydroxide as phosphate binders on biochemical bone markers, PTH(1-84), and bone mineral content in dialysis patients. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1991;6(2):98-104. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jovanovich 2019 {published data only}
    1. Jovanovich A, You Z, Struemph T, Farmer B, Malaczewski MR, Levi M, et al. Phosphate lowering to treat vascular dysfunction in CKD [abstract no: FR-OR040]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2019;30(Abstract Suppl):51-2. [EMBASE: 633771180]
Kakuta 2011 {published data only}000002150
    1. Kakuta T, Hyodo T, Tanaka R, Miyamoto Y, Kanai G, Suzuki H, et al. Sevelamer attenuates the progression of coronary calcification and serum pentosidine content (an AGE) by HPLC assay in haemodialysis patients [abstract no: SU-PO569]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2007;18(Abstracts Issue):708A.
    1. Kakuta T, Tanaka R, Hyodo T, Suzuki H, Kanai G, Nagaoka M, et al. Effect of sevelamer and calcium-based phosphate binders on coronary artery calcification and accumulation of circulating advanced glycation end products in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2011;57(3):422-31 [Erratum in: American Journal of Kidney Disease. 2011 May;57(5):804]. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kasai 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kasai S, Sato K, Murata Y, Kinoshita Y. Randomized crossover study of the efficacy and safety of sevelamer hydrochloride and lanthanum carbonate in Japanese patients undergoing hemodialysis. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2012;16(4):341-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Katopodis 2006 {published data only}
    1. Katopodis KP, Andrikos EK, Gouva CD, Bairaktari ET, Nikolopoulos PM, Takouli LK, et al. Sevelamer hydrochloride versus aluminum hydroxide: Effect on serum phosphorus and lipids in CAPD patients. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2006;26(3):320-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Khosla 2012 {published data only}
    1. Khosla N, Fettman S, Gerseny H, Sprague SM. Impact of lanthanum carbonate on FGF23 in chronic kidney disease stages 3-5 [abstract no: TH-PO915]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):312A.
    1. Khosla N, Sprague SM. Impact of lanthanum carbonate on FGF23 in chronic kidney disease stages 3-5 [abstract no: SA-PO2285]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):646A.
Kiattisunthorn 2014 {published data only}
    1. Kiattisunthorn K, Janwijit C, Klayklung K, Varwwsangthip K. Calcium carbonate is effective for decreasing phosphate loading and FGF-23 in stage 3 CKD [abstract no: TH-PO580]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2014;25(Abstract Suppl):240A.
Ko 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ko YS, Ryu JW, Lee JH, Yi JH, Han SW, Kim HJ. Efficacy of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate in Korean dialysis patients. Korean Journal of Nephrology 2010;29(1):64-72. [CENTRAL: CN-01045527]
Koiwa 2017 {published data only}
    1. Koiwa F, Fukagawa M, Yokoyama K, Akizawa T, Terao A. Phase III study to investigate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of PA21 (sucroferric oxyhydroxide) compared with sevelamer hydrochloride in Japanese hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia [abstract no: FR-PO910]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2015;26(Abstract Suppl):576a. [EMBASE: 641102233]
    1. Koiwa F, Yokoyama K, Fukagawa M, Terao A, Akizawa T. Efficacy and safety of sucroferric oxyhydroxide compared with sevelamer hydrochloride in Japanese haemodialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia: a randomized, open-label, multicentre, 12-week phase III study. Nephrology 2017;22(4):293-300. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Kovesdy 2018 {published data only}
    1. Kovesdy CP, Lu JL, Han Z, Thomas F, Quarles LD, Jarmukli N. Effect of phosphate binders on biochemical and vascular outcomes in patients with non-dialysis dependent CKD [abstract no: FR-PO1072]. Journal of the American Journal of Nephrology: JASN 2017;28(Abstract Suppl):B7. [EMBASE: 633704731]
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LANDMARK 2017 {published data only}000006815
    1. Kato M, Ito H, Yamakawa A, Kagimura T, Fukagawa M, Yamamoto M, et al. Effect of aspirin on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis with hyperphosphatemia: a post hoc analysis of the LANDMARK trial. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2024;28(4):580-90. [DOI: 10.1111/1744-9987.14123] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ogata H, Fugakawa M, Hideki H, Kaneda H, Kagimura T, Akizawa T, et al. Design and baseline characteristics of the LANDMARK study. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2017;21(3):531-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ogata H, Fukagawa M, Hirakata H, Kagimura T, Akizawa T, LANDMARK Investigators and Committees. Effect of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate on the progression of coronary artery calcification among hemodialysis patients with vascular calcification risk: a randomized controlled trial. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2022;26(12):1223-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-022-02270-5] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Ogata H, Fukagawa M, Hirakata H, Kagimura T, Akizawa T, LANDMARK Study Group. Comparison of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate in the cardiovascular mortality and morbidity of hemodialysis patients [abstract no: FR-OR146]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2018;29(Abstract Suppl):B2.
    1. Ogata H, Fukagawa M, Hirakata H, Kagimura T, Fukushima M, Akizawa T. Effect of treating hyperphosphatemia with lanthanum carbonate vs calcium carbonate on cardiovascular events in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis: the LANDMARK randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021;325(19):1946-54. [DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.4807] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lee 2013 {published data only}
    1. Lee YK, Choi HY, Shin SK, Lee HY. Effect of lanthanum carbonate on phosphate control in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis patients in Korea: a randomized prospective study. Clinical Nephrology 2013;79(2):136-42. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Lee YK, Shin SK, Lee HY. Effects of lanthanum carbonate compared with calcium carbonate on CAPD patients in Korea: a randomized prospective study [abstract no: FR-PO1216]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):394A.
Lee 2015 {published data only}
    1. Lee CT, Wu IW, Chiang SS, Peng YS, Shu KH, Wu MJ, et al. Effect of oral ferric citrate on serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients: multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Nephrology 2015;28(1):105-13. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Lemos 2013 {published data only}U1111‐1122‐6205RBR‐6pngwz
    1. Lemos MM, Watanabe R, Carvalho AB, Jancikic AD, Sanches FM, Christofalo DM, et al. Effect of rosuvastatin and sevelamer on the progression of coronary artery calcification in chronic kidney disease: a pilot study. Clinical Nephrology 2013;80(1):1-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lin 2010 {published data only}
    1. Lin YF, Chen YM, Hung KY, Chu TS, Kan WC, Huang CY, et al. Benefits of sevelamer on markers of bone turnover in Taiwanese hemodialysis patients. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association / Taiwan Yi Zhi 2010;109(9):663-72. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Lin YF, Chen YM, Hung KY, Wu MH, Wu KD. Potential advantages of sevelamer in terms of oxidative stress in maintenance hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia [abstract no: SA-PO2560]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2009;20(Abstract Suppl):689A.
    1. Lin YF, Chien CT, Kan WC, Chen YM, Chu TS, Hung KY, et al. Pleiotropic effects of sevelamer beyond phosphate binding in end-stage renal disease patients: a randomized, open-label, parallel-group study. Clinical Drug Investigation 2011;31(4):257-67. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Lin 2014a {published data only}
    1. Lin HH, Liou HH, Wu MS, Huang CC. Factors associated with serum fetuin-A concentrations after long-term use of different phosphate binders in hemodialysis patients. BMC Nephrology 2016;17:33. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lin HH, Liou HH, Wu MS, Lin CY, Huang CC. Long-term sevelamer treatment lowers serum fibroblast growth factor 23 accompanied with increasing serum Klotho levels in chronic haemodialysis patients. Nephrology 2014;19(11):672-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Liu 2006 {published data only}
    1. Huang C, Yu C, Liu Y. Effect of sevelamer on homocysteinemia and lipid profile in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis - a randomized clinical trial [abstract no: F-PO610]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2005;16:467A. [CENTRAL: CN-00756400]
    1. Liu YL, Lin HH, Yu CC, Kuo HL, Yang YF, Chou CY, et al. A comparison of sevelamer hydrochloride with calcium acetate on biomarkers of bone turnover in hemodialysis patients. Renal Failure 2006;28(8):701-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Liu 2024 {published data only}
    1. Liu J, Zuo L, Walpen S, Bernard L, Marty M, Enoiu M. Efficacy and safety of sucroferric oxyhydroxide compared with sevelamer carbonate in Chinese dialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia: a randomised, open-label, multicentre, 12-week phase III study. Nephron 2024;148(1):22-33. [DOI: 10.1159/000531869] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Locatelli 2013 {published data only}2006‐006535‐53
    1. Dimkovic N. A multi-centre, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple fixed-dose study of colestilan (MCI-196) versus placebo in chronic kidney disease stage 5 subjects on dialysis (CKD 5D) with hyperphosphataemia and dyslipidaemia (DL): safety results [abstract no: SAP575]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii503-4. [EMBASE: 70766811]
    1. Locatelli F, Dimkovic N, Spasovski G. A multi-centre, double-blind, randomised,placebo-controlled, multiple fixed-dose study of colestilan (MCI-196) versus placebo in chronic kidney disease stage 5 subjects on dialysis (CKD 5D) with hyperphosphatemia and dyslipidemia (DL): efficacy results [abstract no: FR-OR185]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):45A.
    1. Locatelli F, Dimkovic N, Spasovski G. Evaluation of colestilan in chronic kidney disease dialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia and dyslipidaemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, multiple fixed-dose trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(7):1874-88. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Locatelli 2014 {published data only}2006‐003323‐37
    1. Locatelli F, Spasovski G, Dimkovic N, Wanner C, Dellanna F, Pontoriero G. The effects of colestilan versus placebo and sevelamer in patients with CKD 5D and hyperphosphataemia: a 1-year prospective randomized study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(5):1061-73. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Mahapatra 2022 {published data only}
    1. Mahapatra HS, Kaur N, Sharma N, Pursnani L, Kumar M, Inamdar N, et al. Longitudinal study to find the association of serum phosphorus level with FGF23 in three different hyperphosphatemia management groups of stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Indian Journal of Nephrology 2022;32(6):574-81. [DOI: 10.4103/ijn.IJN_591_20] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Maruyama 2018 {published data only}000021818
    1. Maruyama N, Otsuki T, Yoshida Y, Nagura C, Kitai M, Shibahara N, et al. Ferric citrate decreases fibroblast growth factor 23 and improves erythropoietin responsiveness in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Nephrology 2018;47(6):406-14. [DOI: 10.1159/000489964] - DOI - PubMed
Matsushima 2017 {published data only}
    1. Matsushima H, Yasuda T, Oyama A, Miyata M. MP673 Efficacy and safety of iron-based phosphate binders, ferric citrate hydrate versus sucroferric oxyhydroxide, on hyperphosphatemia in chronic hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(Suppl 3):iii679. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfx179.MP673] [EMBASE: 617290946] - DOI
    1. Matsushima H, Yasuda T, Oyama A, Shoji H, Miyata M. FP619 Long-term safety and efficacy of iron-based phosphate binders, ferric citrate hydrate versus sucroferricoxyhydroxide,on hyperphosphatemia in chronic hemodialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2018;33(Suppl 1):i250. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfy104.FP619] - DOI
Montenegro 2012 {published data only}
    1. Montenegro J, Cornago JI, Gallardo MI, Garcia P, Hernando A, Munoz RI. Comparison of efficacy and equivalent dose between osvaren and fosrenol for the control of serum phosphate in CAPD patients [abstract no: PUB496]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):1005A.
    1. Montenegro J, Cornago JI, Gallardo MI, Garcia P, Hernando A, Munoz RI. Peritoneal balances of Mg in peritoneal dialysis patients treated and not treated with oral Mg salts binders [abstract no: PUB425]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):989A.
    1. Montenegro J, Cornago JI, Gallardo MI, Garcia P, Hernando A, Munoz RI. Peritoneal balances of calcium in peritoneal dialysis patients treated with and without oral calcium salts binders [abstract no: PUB428]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):990A.
Nain 2023 {published data only}
    1. Nain P, Nayak N, Maj MC, Singh RK, Kaur J, Jeong Y, et al. Efficacy of lanthanum carbonate and sevelamer carbonate as phosphate binders in chronic kidney disease: a comparative clinical study. Pharmacy 2023;11(1):27. [DOI: 10.3390/pharmacy11010027] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Navarro‐Gonzalez 2011 {published data only}2005–004052‐12
    1. Navarro- Gonzalez JF, Muros M, Mora C, Garcia-Garcia P, Dell Castillo Rodriguez N, Donate J, et al. Effect of phosphate binders in serum inflammatory profile, soluble CD14 and endotoxin levels in hemodialysis patients: a prospective, randomized, controlled trial [abstract no: SA-0R403]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):97A. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Navarro-Gonzalez JF, Mora-Fernandez C, Muros de Fuentes M, Donate-Correa J, Cazana-Perez V, Garcia-Perez J. Effect of phosphate binders on serum inflammatory profile, soluble CD14, and endotoxin levels in hemodialysis patients. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2011;6(9):2272-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
NCT00542815 {published data only}
    1. NCT00542815. A study of MCI-196 in chronic kidney disease stage V subjects on dialysis with hyperphosphatemia [A phase III, multicentre, open label, flexible dose, long term safety study of MCI-196 in chronic kidney disease stage V subjects on dialysis with hyperphosphatemia]. ClinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00542815 (first received 12 October 2007).
NICOREN 2017 {published data only}
    1. Lenglet A, Fabresse N, Taupin M, Gomila C, Liabeuf S, Kamel S, et al. Does the administration of sevelamer or nicotinamide modify uremic toxins or endotoxemia in chronic hemodialysis patients? Drugs 2019;79(8):855-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s40265-019-01118-9] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Lenglet A, Liabeuf S, El Esper N, Brisset S, Mansour J, Lemaire-Hurtel AS, et al. Efficacy and safety of nicotinamide in haemodialysis patients: the NICOREN study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2017;32(5):870-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
NOPHOS 2021 {published data only}2013‐000488‐95
    1. Ketteler M, Wiecek A, Rosenkranz AR, Ose C, Rekowski J, Lorenz H, et al. Modified-release nicotinamide for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in haemodialysis patients: 52-week efficacy and safety results of the phase 3 randomized controlled NOPHOS trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2023;38(4):982-91. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfac206] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Ketteler M, Wiecek A, Rosenkranz AR, Pasch A, Rekowski J, Hellmann B, et al. Efficacy and safety of a novel nicotinamide modified-release formulation in the treatment of refractory hyperphosphatemia in patients receiving hemodialysis: a randomized clinical trial. KI Reports 2021;6(3):594-604. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.12.012] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ohtake 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ohtake T, Furuya R, Iwagami M, Tsutsumi D, Mochida Y, Ishioka K, et al. Lanthanum carbonate delays the progression of coronary artery calcification compared with calcium-based phosphate binder in patients on hemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii229. [EMBASE: 70765964] - PubMed
    1. Ohtake T, Kobayashi S, Oka M, Furuya R, Iwagami M, Tsutsumi D, et al. Lanthanum carbonate delays progression of coronary artery calcification compared with calcium-based phosphate binders in patients on hemodialysis: a pilot study. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology & Therapeutics 2013;18(5):439-46. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Otsuki 2018 {published data only}
    1. Otsuki T, Utsunomiya K, Moriuchi M, Horikoshi S, Okamura M, Suzuki H, et al. Effect of sucroferric oxyhydroxide on fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in hemodialysis patients. Nephron 2018;140(3):161-8. [DOI: 10.1159/000490903] - DOI - PubMed
PHREEDOM 2021 {published data only}
    1. Block GA, Bleyer AJ, Silva AL, Weiner DE, Lynn RI, Yang Y, et al. Safety and efficacy of tenapanor for long-term serum phosphate control in maintenance dialysis: a 52-week randomized phase 3 trial (PHREEDOM). Kidney360 2021;2(10):1600-10. [DOI: 10.34067/KID.0002002021] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Weiner DE, Spiegel DM, Yang Y, Rosenbaum DP. Tenapanor controls serum phosphorus and reduces PTH and FGF-23 in patients on dialysis with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism [abstract no: TH-OR18]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2021;32(Abstract Suppl):6. [EMBASE: 636330249]
Pratt 2007 {published data only}
    1. Pratt R, Smyth M. Effective reduction of serum phosphorus using carbonate, with fewer tablets than sevelamer hydrochloride [abstract no: FP486]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi183.
PREFECT 2014 {published data only}
    1. Ureña-Torres P, Prié D, Keddad K, Preston P, Wilde P, Wan H, et al. Changes in fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in normophosphatemic patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3 treated with lanthanum carbonate: results of the PREFECT study, a phase 2a, double blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Nephrology 2014;15:71. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Qunibi 2011 {published data only}
    1. Qunibi W, Winkelmayer C, Greenberg J, Ho CH, Diaz-Buxo J. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effect of calcium acetate on serum phosphorus (P) in non-dialysis-dependent patients with chronic kidney disease (NDD-CKD): the EPICK Study [abstract no: Sa104]. NDT Plus 2010;3(Suppl 3):iii61. [EMBASE: 70483570]
    1. Qunibi W, Winkelmayer WC, Solomon R, Moustafa M, Kessler P, Ho CH, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of calcium acetate on serum phosphorus concentrations in patients with advanced non-dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. BMC Nephrology 2011;12:9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Riccio 2018 {published data only}
    1. Riccio E, Sabbatini M, Bruzzese D, Grumetto L, Marchetiello C, Amicone M, et al. Plasma p-cresol lowering effect of sevelamer in non-dialysis CKD patients: evidence from a randomized controlled trial. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2018;22(3):529-38. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Roxe 1989 {published data only}
    1. Roxe DM, Mistovich M, Barch DH. Phosphate-binding effects of sucralfate in patients with chronic renal failure. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1989;13(3):194-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rudnicki 1994 {published data only}
    1. Rudnicki M, Hyldstrup L, Petersen LJ, Hojsted J, Tranbol I. Effect of oral calcium on noninvasive indices of bone formation and bone mass in hemodialysis patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Mineral & Electrolyte Metabolism 1994;20(3):130-4. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Russo 2007 {published data only}
    1. Russo D, Battaglia Y, Buonanno E, Miranda I, Ruocco C, Russo L, et al. Progression of coronary artery calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease. Role of phosphorus binders [abstract no: FP192]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi83.
    1. Russo D, Miranda I, Ruocco C, Battaglia Y, Buonanno E, Manzi S, et al. The progression of coronary artery calcification in predialysis patients on calcium carbonate or sevelamer. Kidney International 2007;72(10):1255-61. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sadek 2003 {published data only}
    1. Sadek T, Mazouz H, Bahlou H, Oprisiu R, El Esper N, El Esper I, et al. Sevelamer hydrochloride with or without alphacalcidol or higher dialysate calcium vs calcium carbonate in dialysis patients: an open-label, randomized study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(3):582-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Saif 2007 {published data only}
    1. Saif I, Halim A, Altaf A, Saif M, Khalid M, Ahmad D, et al. Comparison of calcium acetate with calcium carbonate as phosphate binder in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad 2007;19(4):26-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SCaRF 2020 {published data only}12617000881336
    1. Smith ER, Pan FF, Hewitson TD, Toussaint ND, Holt SG. Effect of sevelamer on calciprotein particles in haemodialysis patients: the Sevelamer versus Calcium to Reduce Fetuin-A-Containing Calciprotein Particles in Dialysis (SCaRF) randomized controlled trial. Kidney International Reports 2020;5(9):1432–47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ekir.2020.06.014] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Seifert 2013 {published data only}
    1. Seifert ME, las Fuentes L, Davila-Roman VG, Hruska KA. Early intervention in the CKD-MDB affects vascular function [abstract no: LB-PO3163]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstracts):7B.
    1. Seifert ME, las Fuentes L, Rothstein M, Dietzen DJ, Bierhals AJ, Cheng SC, et al. Effects of phosphate binder therapy on vascular stiffness in early-stage chronic kidney disease. American Journal of Nephrology 2013;38(2):158-67. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Sezer 2010 {published data only}
    1. Sezer S, Karakan S, Acar NO. Sevelamer improves serum electrolyte profile, metabolic and cardiovascular markers and survival in ESRD patients on hemodialysis treatment [abstract no: Sa473]. NDT Plus 2010;3(Suppl 3):iii196. [EMBASE: 70483939]
    1. Sezer S, Karakan S, Ozdemir N. Sevelamer improves serum electrolyte profile, metabolic and cardiovascular markers and survival in ESRD patients on hemodialysis treatment [abstract no: PUB104]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010;21(Abstract Suppl):833A.
Shahbazian 2011 {published data only}
    1. Shahbazian H, Zafar MA, Ghorbani A, Abbaspour MR, Belladi Musavi SS, Hayati F, et al. Oral nicotinamide reduces serum phosphorus, increases HDL, and induces thrombocytopenia in hemodialysis patients: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Nefrologia 2011;31(1):58-65. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shaheen 2004 {published data only}
    1. Shaheen A, Akeel NM, Badawi LS, Souqiyyeh MZ. Efficacy and safety of sevelamer: comparison with calcium carbonate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients. Saudi Medical Journal 2004;25(6):785-91. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shibata 2007 {published data only}
    1. Shibata K, Iwamoto T, Murakami T, Hirawa S, Yasuda G, Toya Y, et al. A comparative study of the effects on pulse wave velocity (PWV) in hemodialysis (HD) patients treated by sevelamer with low dose calcium carbonate or calcium carbonate alone [abstract no: SAP245]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi245.
    1. Shibata K, Iwamoto T, Ono S, Murakami T, Yanagi M, Koguchi N, et al. A comparative study of the effects on pulse wave velocity (PWV) in hemodialysis (HD) patients treated by sevelamer with low dose calcium carbonate or calcium carbonate alone. Three-years follow up [abstract no: SU500]. In: World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22-26; Milan, Italy. 2009.
Shigematsu 2008 {published data only}
    1. Shigematsu T, Lanthanum Carbonate Group. Multicenter prospective randomized, double-blind comparative study between lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate as phosphate binders in Japanese hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. Clinical Nephrology 2008;70(5):404-10. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Shutov 2020 {published data only}
    1. Shutov E, Kotlyarova G, Lysenko K, Ryabinskaya G, Lashutin S. P1411 The efficacy and safety of the sucrofferric oxyhydxide in hemodialysis patients: Results of a prospective randomized controlled trial [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2020;35(Suppl 3):iii1731. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa142.P1411] - DOI
SLO‐NIACIN 2013 {published data only}12611000500954
    1. Tan K, Vardesh D, Raman P, Petrie J. The SLO-NIACIN trial: a double-blind placebo controlled trial of low dose slow-release niacin to lower phosphate in haemodialysis patients [abstract no: 010]. Nephrology 2013;18(Suppl 1):17.
Song 2014 {published data only}
    1. Song FR, Cheng H, Zhao DM, Yu J, Gao Y. Effects of lanthanum carbonate on serum calcium and phosphorus of CAPD patients with chronic renal failure receiving calcitriol pulse therapy due to secondary hyperparathyroidism. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 2014;14(6):651-4. [EMBASE: 373859089]
Soriano 2013 {published data only}
    1. Soriano S, Ojeda R, Aguera ML, Rodriguez M, Martin-Malo A, Aljama-Garcia P. Modulation of FGF23 by phosphate binders in chronic kidney disease stage 4 -5 predialysis (lanthanum vs calcium carbonate) [abstract no: SA-PO2241]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):634A.
    1. Soriano S, Ojeda R, Rodriguez M, Almaden Y, Rodriguez M, Martin-Malo A, et al. The effect of phosphate binders, calcium and lanthanum carbonate on FGF23 levels in chronic kidney disease patients. Clinical Nephrology 2013;80(1):17-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Spasovski 2006 {published data only}
    1. Sikole A, Spasovski G, Gelev S, Amitov V, Stojcev N, Grozdanovski R. Lanthanum carbonate - a novel phosphate binder in maintenance dialysis patients [abstract no: SP228]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v95-6.
    1. Sikole A, Spasovski G, Gelev S, Grozdanovski R, Amitov V, D'Haese P, et al. The use of lanthanum carbonate as a novel phosphate binder in maintenance dialysis patients [abstract no: M63]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2002;17(Suppl 12):67. [CENTRAL: CN-00509481]
    1. Spasovski G, Sikole A, Gelev S, Grozdanovski R, Amitov V, D'Haese P, et al. The impact of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate on renal bone disease in dialysis patients - single center experience [abstract no: w436]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):685-6. [CENTRAL: CN-00447817]
    1. Spasovski G, Sikole A, Gelev S, Grozdanovski R, Amitov V, D'Haese PC, et al. The beneficial effect of lanthanum carbonate on low turnover bone disease in dialysis patients [abstract no: P40]. International Journal of Artificial Organs 2003;26(7):630. [CENTRAL: CN-00583691]
    1. Spasovski G, Sikole A, Gelev S, Masin J, Freemont T, Webster I, et al. The evolution of renal bone disease in dialysis patients - comparative effects of lanthanum carbonate and calcium carbonate treatment [abstract]. In: 41st Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15-18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004:105-6. [CENTRAL: CN-00509488]
Spiegel 2007 {published data only}030700105
    1. Spiegel DM, Farmer B, Chonchol M. Magnesium carbonate - an effective phosphate binder [abstract no: 152]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;47(4):A56. [CENTRAL: CN-00653706] - PubMed
    1. Spiegel DM, Farmer B, Smits G, Chonchol M. Magnesium carbonate is an effective phosphate binder for chronic hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2007;17(6):416-22. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Spiegel DM, Farmer B. Long-term effects of magnesium carbonate on coronary artery calcification and bone mineral density in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. Hemodialysis International 2009;13(4):453-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Sprague 2009a {published data only}
    1. Sprague S, Finn W, Abboud H, Qiu P, SPD405-206 Study Investigators. Lanthanum carbonate reduces phosphate burden in patients with CKD stages 3 and 4: results from a randomized multicenter trial [abstract no: 252]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2008;51(4):A90. [CENTRAL: CN-00757113]
    1. Sprague SM, Abboud H, Qui P, Dauphin M, Zhang P, Finn W. Lanthanum carbonate reduces phosphorus burden in patients with CKD stages 3 and 4: a randomized trial. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2009;4(1):178-85. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Sprague SM, Finn WF, Qiu P, Study 206 Investigators. Hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease stages 3 and 4: findings from a randomized, multi-center trial [abstract no: PUB442]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2007;18(Abstracts Issue):927A. [CENTRAL: CN-00756891]
Sunder 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sunder S, Verma H, VK, Sathi S. Comparative study between the impact of calcium acetate versus sevelamer carbonate on progression of vascular calcification in pre-end stage renal disease (CKD stage 4 and 5 ) patients [abstract no: SA-PO560]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2013;24(Abstract Suppl):756A.
Takahara 2014 {published data only}
    1. Takahara Y, Matsuda Y, Takahashi S, Shigematsu T, Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group. Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate in pre-dialysis CKD patients with hyperphosphatemia: a randomized trial. Clinical Nephrology 2014;82(3):181-90. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Takkavatakarn 2021 {published data only}
    1. Takkavatakarn K, Puapatanakul P, Chariyavilaskul P, Katavetin P, Praditpornsilpa K, Eiam-Ong S, et al. Protein-bound uremic toxins lowering effect of sevelamer in pre-dialysis CKD patients with hyperphosphatemia: a randomized controlled trial [abstract no: TH-PO434]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2019;30(Abstract Suppl):229. [EMBASE: 633770915]
    1. Takkavatakarn K, Puapatanakul P, Phannajit J, Sukkumme W, Chariyavilaskul P, Sitticharoenchai P, et al. Protein-bound uremic toxins lowering effect of sevelamer in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients with hyperphosphatemia: a randomized controlled trial. Toxins 2021;13(10):27. [DOI: 10.3390/toxins13100688] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tielmans 1990 {published data only}
    1. Tielmans C, Knoop C, Doutrelepont JM, Timmermans D, Even-Adin D, Vanherweghem JL. Superiority of calcium acetate (ACET) over carbonate (CARB) to bind phosphorus (P) in hemodialysis patients (HDP) [abstract]. In: 11th International Congress of Nephrology; 1990 Jul 15-20; Tokyo, Japan. 1990:219A.
Toida 2012 {published data only}000002331
    1. Toida T, Fukudome K, Fujimoto S, Yamada K, Chiyotanda S, Kitamura K. Comparison of lanthanum carbonate with calcium carbonate on biomarkers of bone turnover in hemodialysis patients: a cross-over study [abstract no: SA-PO2940]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010;21(Abstract Suppl):782A.
    1. Toida T, Fukudome K, Fujimoto S, Yamada K, Sato Y, Chiyotanda S, et al. Effect of lanthanum carbonate vs. calcium carbonate on serum calcium in hemodialysis patients: a crossover study. Clinical Nephrology 2012;78(3):216-23. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Toussaint 2009 {published data only}12607000046404
    1. Toussaint N, Lau K, Polkinghorne K, Kerr P. Attenuation of aortic calcification with lanthanum carbonate vs calcium-based phosphate binders in haemodialysis - a randomized controlled trial [abstract no: 167]. Nephrology 2010;15(Suppl 4):70. - PubMed
    1. Toussaint ND, Lau KK, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG. Attenuation of aortic calcification with lanthanum carbonate versus calcium-based phosphate binders in haemodialysis: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Nephrology 2011;16(3):290-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Toussaint ND, Lau KK, Strauss BJ, Polkinghorne KR, Kerr PG. Determination and validation of aortic calcification measurement from lateral bone densitometry in dialysis patients. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2009;4(1):119-27. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Tzanakis 2014 {published data only}
    1. Tzanakis IP, Stamataki EE, Papadaki AN, Giannakis N, Damianakis NE, Oreopoulos DG. Magnesium retards the progress of the arterial calcifications in hemodialysis patients: a pilot study. International Urology and Nephrology 2014;46(11):2199-205. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Tzanakis IP, Stamataki EE, Papadaki AN, Spantidakis VV, Kagia SN, Poulidaki SR. Magnesium retards the progress of the artery calcifications in hemodialysis patients: a controlled prospective study [abstract no: PUB498]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):1005A.
Vlassara 2012 {published data only}
    1. Harbord NB, Uribarri J, Yubero-Serrano EM, Woodward M, Busta A, Poretsky L, et al. Sevelamer carbonate reduced advanced glycation endproducts inflammation, and glycated hemoglobin in a randomized controlled trial of patients with diabetic kidney disease [abstract no: FR-PO793]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2014;25(Abstract Suppl):551A.
    1. Vlassara H, Uribarri J, Cai W, Goodman S, Pyzik R, Post J, et al. Effects of sevelamer on HbA1c, inflammation, and advanced glycation end products in diabetic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2012;7(6):934-42. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Vlassara H, Uribarri J, Post JB, Grosjean F, Striker GE. Sevelamer carbonate improves metabolism and reduces risk factors for progressive nephropathy in type 2 diabetics with stage 2 - 4 CKD by sequestering oral advanced glycation end product [abstract no: TH-OR072]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):18A.
    1. Yubero-Serrano EM, Woodward M, Poretsky L, Vlassara H, Striker GE. Effects of sevelamer carbonate on advanced glycation end products and antioxidant/pro-oxidant status in patients with diabetic kidney disease. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2015;10(5):759-66. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Wada 2014 {published data only}
    1. Wada K, Wada Y. Evaluation of aortic calcification with lanthanum carbonate vs. calcium-based phosphate binders in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Therapeutic Apheresis and Dialysis 2014;18(4):353-60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wang 2015 {published data only}
    1. Wang XH, Zhang X, Mu CJ, He Y, Peng QP, Yang GS, et al. Effects of lanthanum carbonate on vascular calcification in elderly maintenance hemodialysis patients. Journal of Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Medical Sciences 2015;35(4):508-13. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Wang 2023 {published data only}
    1. Wang Y, Chen X, Zhu H, Guo Z, Yang Y, Luo P, et al. Efficacy and safety of ferric citrate on hyperphosphatemia among Chinese patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis: a phase III multicenter randomized open-label active-drug-controlled study. American Journal of Nephrology 2023;54(11-12):479-88. [DOI: 10.1159/000534484] - DOI - PubMed
Wilkie 2012 {published data only}
    1. Wilkie ME, Bernardo M, Bansal VK, Melnick JZ, Chapman A. Fermagate is a more potent binder compared to sevelamer HCI in ESRD patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: SA-PO667]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):793A.
Yokoyama 2014a {published data only}CTI‐111435
    1. Yokoyama K, Hirakata H, Akiba T, Fukagawa M, Nakayama M, Sawada K, et al. Ferric citrate hydrate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in nondialysis-dependent CKD. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2014;9(3):543-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Yokoyama K, Hirakata HN, Akiba T, Fukagawa M, Nakayama M, Sawada K, et al. The effect of JTT-751 (ferric citrate hydrate) on phosphorus and FGF-23 in chronic kidney disease [abstract no: SA-PO544]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2013;24(Abstract Suppl):752A.
Yokoyama 2014b {published data only}CTI‐11143
    1. Yokoyama K, Akiba T, Fukagawa M, Nakayama M, Sawada K, Kumagai Y, et al. A randomized trial of JTT-751 versus sevelamer hydrochloride in patients on hemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2014;29(5):1053-60. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Young 2009a {published data only}
    1. Young DO, Cheng SC, Delmez JA, Coyne DW. The effect of oral niacinamide on plasma phosphorus levels in peritoneal dialysis patients. Peritoneal Dialysis International 2009;29(5):562-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zhao 2014 {published data only}
    1. Zhao H, Wang J, Zhao DM, Dong YM, Gao Y. Efficacy of sevelamer carbonate for hyperphosphatemia in patients with end-stage renal disease: a randomized controlled trial. Chinese Journal of Evidence-Based Medicine 2014;14(11):1293-8. [EMBASE: 2014948885]
Zwiech 2011 {published data only}
    1. Zwiech R, Dryja P, Lacina D, Kroliczak V, Chrul S, Kacprzyk F. The influence of short-term magnesium carbonate treatment on calcium-phosphorus balance in dialysis patients [Wplyw krotkoterminowego leczenia weglanem magnezu na gospodarke wapniowo-fosforanowa u chorych przewlekle hemodializowanych]. Wiadomosci Lekarskie 2011;64(1):9-14. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed

References to studies excluded from this review

ABC‐treat 2022 {published data only}
    1. Sequera P, Perez-Garcia R, Molina M, Alvarez-Fernandez G, Munoz-Gonzalez RI, Merida E, et al. Advantages of the use of citrate over acetate as a stabilizer in hemodialysis fluid: a randomized ABC-treat study. Nefrologia 2022;42(3):327-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefroe.2021.12.003] - DOI - PubMed
Abraham 2012a {published data only}
    1. Abraham G, Kher V, Saxena S, Jayakumar M, Chafekar D, Pargaonkar P, et al. Sevelamer carbonate experience in Indian end stage renal disease patients. Indian Journal of Nephrology 2012;22(3):189-92. [EMBASE: 2012450093] - PMC - PubMed
Ahmadi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Ahmadi F, Shamekhi F, Lessan-Pezeshki M, Khatami MR. Comparison of efficacy of the phosphate binders nicotinic acid and sevelamer hydrochloride in hemodialysis patients. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases & Transplantation 2012;23(5):934-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Akizawa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Akizawa T, Origasa H, Kameoka C, Kaneko Y, Kanoh H. Dose-finding study of bixalomer in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis with hyperphosphatemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled and sevelamer hydrochloride-controlled open-label, parallel group study. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2014;18 Suppl 2:24-32. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Akizawa 2014b {published data only}
    1. Akizawa T, Tsuruta Y, Okada Y, Miyauchi Y, Suda A, Kasahara H, et al. A multi-center randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial on chewing effect of a chitosan loaded gum HS219 for the control of serum phosphorous in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) patients [abstract no: PUB090]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010;21(Abstract Suppl):830A.
    1. Akizawa T, Tsuruta Y, Okada Y, Miyauchi Y, Suda A, Kasahara H, et al. Effect of chitosan chewing gum on reducing serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients: a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. BMC Nephrology 2014;15:98. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Akizawa 2020e {published data only}
    1. Akizawa T, Sato Y, Takanuma M, Kanda H, Fukagawa M. Efficacy and safety of add-on tenapanor to phosphate binders for refractory hyperphosphatemia in Japanese patients on hemodialysis: a phase 2, double-blind study [abstract no: PO0375]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2020;31(Abstract Suppl):164.
Al‐Baaj 2005 {published data only}
    1. Al-Baaj F, Hutchison AJ, UK Lanthanum Study Group. Lanthanum carbonate: a novel non-calcaemic phosphate binder in dialysis patients [abstract no: A2941]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2000;11(Sept):557A. [CENTRAL: CN-00550562]
    1. Al-Baaj F, Speake M, Hutchinson J. Control of serum phosphate by oral lanthanum carbonate in patients undergoing haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis in a short-term, placebo-controlled study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(4):775-82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hutchison AJ, Gill M, Copley JB, Poole L, Wilson RJ. Lanthanum carbonate versus placebo for management of hyperphosphatemia in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: a subgroup analysis of a phase 2 randomized controlled study of dialysis patients. BMC Nephrology 2013;14:40. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hutchison AJ, UK Lanthanum Study Group. Lanthanum carbonate: a novel non-calcaemic phosphate binder in dialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2000;15(9):A113. [CENTRAL: CN-00550562]
    1. Wilson R, Gill M, Copley JB. Efficacy of lanthanum carbonate in patients on peritoneal dialysis: an opportunity to improve nutrition? [abstract no: FR-PO1726]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):515A.
AMPLIFY 2021 {published data only}
    1. Chertow GM, Yang Y, Rosenbaum DP. Long-term safety and efficacy of tenapanor for the control of serum phosphorus in patients with CKD on dialysis [abstract no: PO0384]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2020;31(Abstract Suppl):166. [EMBASE: 633699040]
    1. Pergola PE, Rosenbaum DP, Yang Y, Chertow GM. A randomized trial of tenapanor and phosphate binders as a dual-mechanism treatment for hyperphosphatemia in patients on maintenance dialysis (AMPLIFY). Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2021;32(6):1465-73. [DOI: 10.1681/ASN.2020101398] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Rosenbaum D, Yang Y. Efficacy of tenapanor for the control of serum phosphorus in patients with CKD on dialysis: novel mechanism of action allows for both monotherapy and dual mechanism approach [abstract no: 314]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2020;75(4):627. [EMBASE: 2005717047]
    1. Rosenbaum DP, Sprague SM. Tolerability of tenapanor, an investigational, first-in-class, non-binder therapy for the control of serum phosphorus in patients with CKD on dialysis [abstract no: PO0376]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2020;31(Abstract Suppl):164. [EMBASE: 633698816]
    1. Rosenbaum DP, Yang Y. Efficacy of tenapanor for the control of serum phosphorus in patients with CKD on dialysis: novel mechanism of action allows for both monotherapy and dual-mechanism approach [abstract no: PO0374]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2020;31(Abstract Suppl):163-4. [EMBASE: 633698763]
Babarykin 2004 {published data only}
    1. Babarykin D, Adamsone I, Amerika D, Spudass A, Moisejev V, Berzina N, et al. Calcium-enriched bread for treatment of uremic hyperphosphatemia. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2004;14(3):149-56. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Bigi 2003 {published data only}
    1. Bigi MC, Andrulli S, Pozzoni P, Locatelli F. Role of chetoanalogues on calcium-phosphate metabolism and anemia of haemodialysis patients: a pilot controlled randomized study [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):680. [CENTRAL: CN-00444433]
Bleskestad 2012 {published data only}2010‐020415‐36
    1. Bleskestad IH, Bergrem H, Hartmann A, Godang K, Goransson LG. Fibroblast growth factor 23 and parathyroid hormone after treatment with active vitamin D and sevelamer carbonate in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3b, a randomized crossover trial. BMC Nephrology 2012;13:49. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Bleskestad IH, Hartmann A, Bergrem H, Goransson LG. A randomized cross-over trial evaluating FG723 and PTH in the treatment of CKD stage 3b [abstract no: FR-PO1221]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):395a.
Block 2013 {published data only}
    1. Block GA, Persky MS, Shamblin BM, Baltazar MF, Comelli MC. Effect of chitosan loaded chewing gum on serum phosphate in CKD [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(Suppl 1):i156. [EMBASE: 71075449]
    1. Block GA, Persky MS, Shamblin BM, Baltazar MF, Singh B, Sharma A, et al. Effect of salivary phosphate-binding chewing gum on serum phosphate in chronic kidney disease. Nephron 2013;123(1-2):93-101. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Borrego 2000 {published data only}
    1. Borrego J, Perez del Barrio P, Serrano P, Garcia Cortes MJ, Sanchez Perales MC, Borrego FJ, et al. A comparison of phosphorus-chelating effect of calcium carbonate versus calcium acetate before dialysis [Comparacion del efecto quelante del fosforo de carbonato vs acetato calcico en predialisis]. Nefrologia 2000;20(4):348-54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chen 2018 {published data only}
    1. Chen Y, Chen L, Guan T, Ling Y. Safety, efficacy, and cost-effectiveness of Mg/AI type hydrotalcite drug versus conventional phosphate binders in hemodialysis CKD patients with hyperphosphatemia [abstract no: TH-PO204]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2018;29(Abstract Suppl):165.
Chertow 1997 {published data only}
    1. Chertow GM, Burke SK, Lazarus MJ, Stenzel KH, Wombolt D, Goldberg D, et al. Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (RenaGel): a noncalcemic phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in chronic renal failure. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1997;29(1):66-71. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Chiang 2005 {published data only}
    1. Chiang SS, Chen JB, Yang WC. Lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of hyperphosphatemic patients with end-stage renal disease. Clinical Nephrology 2005;63(6):461-70. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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    1. Yang W, Chiang S, Chen J. Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in Chinese chronic renal failure patients [abstract no: F-PO652]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2003;14(Nov):204A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583787]
Chiang 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chiang S, Chen S. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study of the effects of ferric citrate in patients undergoing hemodialysis [abstract no: SaP381]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi362. [CENTRAL: CN-00747288]
Chow 2007 {published data only}
    1. Chow KM, Szeto CC, Kwan BC, Leung CB, Li PK. Sevelamer treatment strategy in peritoneal dialysis patients: conventional dose does not make best use of resources. Journal of Nephrology 2007;20(6):674-82. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
CVD‐LAF 2018 {published data only}
    1. Ito E, Inaguma D, Koide S, Takahashi K, Hayashi H, Hasegawa M, et al. Effect of combined vitamin D receptor activator and lanthanum carbonate on serum fibroblast growth factor 23 level in predialysis patients (CVD-LAF study): design and method. Clinical and Experimental Nephrology 2018;22(6):1309-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-018-1584-0] - DOI - PubMed
d'Almeida Filho 2000 {published data only}
    1. D'Almeida Filho EJ, Da Cruz EA, Hoette M, Ruzany F, Keen LN, Lugon JR. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate in the control of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients. Revista Paulista de Medicina [Sao Paulo Medical Journal] 2000;118(6):179-84. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Dong 2017 {published data only}
    1. Dong X, Wang M, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Zhang M, Ni L, et al. Effect of an individualized therapy for hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients - a single-center, open label randomized clinical trial [abstract no: TH-PO1038]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2017;28(Abstract Suppl):371. [EMBASE: 633705145]
Dwyer 2013 {published data only}
    1. Dwyer JP, Sika M, Schulman G, Chang IJ, Anger M, Smith M, et al. Dose-response and efficacy of ferric citrate to treat hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: a short-term randomized trial. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2013;61(5):759-66. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Edeki 2024 {published data only}
    1. Edeki IR, Unuigbe EI, Okaka EI. Effect of dietary phosphate restriction in pre-dialysis chronic kidney disease patients with hyperphosphataemia in Southern Nigeria. West African Journal of Medicine 2024;41(6):630-7. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ekart 2015 {published data only}
    1. Ekart R, Bevc S, Dvorsak B, Hojs N, Hren M, Jakopin E, et al. SP643 Sevelamer carbonate vs. lanthanum carbonate vs. calcium acetate/magnesium carbonate in CKD patients on hemodialysis: a randomized study [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2015;30(Suppl 3):iii590. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv199.09] - DOI
El Borolossy 2016 {published data only}
    1. El Borolossy R, El Wakeel LM, El Hakim I, Sabri N. Efficacy and safety of nicotinamide in the management of hyperphosphatemia in pediatric patients on regular hemodialysis. Pediatric Nephrology 2016;31(2):289-96. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Emmett 1991 {published data only}
    1. Emmett M, Sirmon MD, Kirkpatrick GW, Nolan C, Schmitt GW, Cleveland MB. Calcium acetate control of serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 1991;17(5):544-50. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Fabrizi 1996 {published data only}
    1. Fabrizi F, Bacchini G, Di Filippo S, Pontoriero G, Locatelli F. Intradialytic calcium balances with different calcium dialysate levels. Effects on cardiovascular stability and parathyroid function. Nephron 1996;72(4):530-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fan 2009 {published data only}
    1. Fan S, Ross C, Mitra S, Kalra P, Heaton J, Hunter J, et al. A randomized, crossover design study of sevelamer carbonate powder and sevelamer hydrochloride tablets in chronic kidney disease patients on haemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2009;24(12):3794-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Fathallah‐Shaykh 2018 {published data only}
    1. Fathallah-Shaykh S, Drozdz D, Flynn J, Jenkins R, Wesseling-Perry K, Swartz SJ, et al. Efficacy and safety of sevelamer carbonate in hyperphosphatemic pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Pediatric Nephrology 2018;33(2):325-33. [DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3787-0] - DOI - PubMed
    1. Fathallah-Shaykn SA, Benfield MR, Drozdz D, Flynn JT, Jenkins R, Wesseling-Perry K, et al. Efficacy and safety of sevelamer carbonate in hyperphosphatemic pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease [abstract no: TH-PO905]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2016;27(Abstract Suppl):304A. [EMBASE: 641133555] - PubMed
Finn 2004 {published data only}
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, Hladik G, Lanthanum Study Group. Efficacy and safety of lanthanum carbonate for reduction of serum phosphorus in patients with chronic renal failure receiving hemodialysis. Clinical Nephrology 2004;62(3):193-201. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, Webster I, Gill M. Long-term treatment with lanthanum carbonate (Fosrenol) is safe and effective in haemodialysis patients [abstract no: W434]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):685. [CENTRAL: CN-00527121]
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS. Lanthanum carbonate (FosrenolTM) significantly reduces serum phosphorus levels and calcium X phosphorus product values in a dose-ranging study [abstract no: PS1-20]. Nephrology 2003;8(Suppl 1):A29.
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, LAM-308 Study Group. A long-term, open-label extension study on the safety of treatment with lanthanum carbonate, a new phosphate binder, in patients receiving hemodialysis. Current Medical Research and Opinion 2005;21(5):657-64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Fischer 2006 {published data only}
    1. Fischer D, Cline K, Plone M, Dillon M, Burke S, Blair A. A randomized, cross-over study to compare once a day with three times per day sevelamer dosing [abstract no: SP221]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v93.
    1. Fischer D, Cline K, Plone MA, Dillon M, Burke SK, Blair AT. Results of a randomized crossover study comparing once daily and thrice-daily sevelamer dosing. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2006;48(3):437-44. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
FORESEE 2008 {published data only}
    1. Mehrotra R, Martin KJ, Fishbane S, Sprague SM, Zeig S, Anger M, et al. Higher strength lanthanum carbonate provides serum phosphorus control with a low tablet burden and is preferred by patients and physicians: a multicenter study. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2008;3(5):1437-45. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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    1. Mehrotra R. Efficacy and safety of higher-strength lanthanum carbonate [abstract no: F-PO095]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006;17(Abstracts):356A. [CENTRAL: CN-00653768]
    1. Mehrotra R. Patient and physician preference and satisfaction with a new formulation of lanthanum carbonate (LC) [abstract no: SA-PO803]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2005;16:732A. [CENTRAL: CN-00653767]
    1. Mehrotra R. Preference and satisfaction with reformulated higher-dosage strength lanthanum carbonate [abstract no: F-PO094]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006;17(Abstracts):356A. [CENTRAL: CN-00653770]
Friedrich 2006 {published data only}
    1. Friedrich B, Lang F, Risler T, Jahn MH. Efficacy of aluminum hydrochloride and aluminum hydroxide of lowering plasma phosphate concentrations in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Nieren und Hochdruckkrankheiten 2006;35(4):127-31. [EMBASE: 43657940]
Fukagawa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Fukagawa M, Kasuga H, Joseph D, Sawata H, Junge G, Moore A, et al. Efficacy and safety of SBR759, a novel calcium-free, iron (III)-based phosphate binder, versus placebo in chronic kidney disease stage v Japanese patients on maintenance renal replacement therapy. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2014;18(1):135-43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Junge G, Akiba T, Balfour A, Bock AH, Schwende H, Fukagawa M. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled multicenter trial to compare the phosphate lowering efficacy of different doses of the iron-based phosphate binder SBR759 to placebo [abstract no: LB-PO3152]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstracts):4B.
Gao 2019 {published data only}
    1. Gao Y, Wang G, Li Y, Lv C, Wang Z. Effects of oral activated charcoal on hyperphosphatemia and vascular calcification in Chinese patients with stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease. Journal of Nephrology 2019;32(2):265-72. [PMID: ] - PMC - PubMed
Greenbaum 2021 {published data only}
    1. Greenbaum LA, Jeck N, Klaus G, Fila M, Stoica C, Fathallah-Shaykh S, et al. Safety and efficacy of sucroferric oxyhydroxide in pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease. Pediatric Nephrology 2021;36(5):1233-44. [DOI: 10.1007/s00467-020-04805-y] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Guinsburg 2015 {published data only}
    1. Guinsburg M, Garrote N, Blanco M, Garcia L. SP646 Use of calcium carbonate emulsion for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia on chronic hemodialysis patients reduces total elemental calcium dose [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2015;30(Suppl 3):iii591-2. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv199.12] - DOI
    1. Guinsburg M, Guinsburg A, Garrote N, Moretto H, Garcia L, Blanco M, et al. SP662 Evaluating the efficacy of calcium carbonate emulsion (CCE) for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2015;30(Suppl 3):iii597. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv199.28] - DOI
    1. Guinsburg M, Guinsburg A, Garrote N, Moretto H, Garcia L, Blanco M, et al. SP671 Evaluating adherence to calcium carbonate emulsion (CCE) versus calcium carbonate tablets (CCT) for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients on chronic hemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2015;30(Suppl 3):iii599-600. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv199.37] - DOI
Hanudel 2022 {published data only}
    1. Hanudel MR, Laster ML, Portale AA, Dokras A, Quigley RP, Guzman GA, et al. A review of ferric citrate clinical studies, and the rationale and design of the Ferric Citrate and Chronic Kidney Disease in Children (FIT4KiD) trial. Pediatric Nephrology 2022;37(11):2547-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s00467-022-05492-7] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Hertel 2015 {published data only}
    1. Hertel J, Locatelli F, Spasovski G, Dimkovic N, Wanner C. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, withdrawal study of colestilan after dose titration in chronic kidney disease dialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia. Nephron 2015;130(4):229-38. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Hertel JE, Nakajima S, Sano H, Senatore FF, Buchanan D. Colestilan (MCI-196), a new calcium-free phosphate binder, is safe and effective in stage 5 CKD dialysis patients: Phase 3, randomized, double-blind (DB), placebo(PBO)-controlled, multicenter study [abstract no: F-PO1862]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010;21(Abstract Suppl):538A.
Hill 2013 {published data only}
    1. Hill KM, Martin B, Moe SM, McCabe GP, Weaver CM, Peacock M. Effects of calcium carbonate supplement on phosphate balance and homeostasis in patients with stage 3 and 4 chronic kidney disease [abstract no: TH-OR015 ]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2011;22(Abstract Suppl):4A.
    1. Hill KM, Martin BR, Wastney ME, McCabe GP, Moe SM, Weaver CM, et al. Oral calcium carbonate affects calcium but not phosphorus balance in stage 3-4 chronic kidney disease. Kidney International 2013;83(5):959-66. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Hill Gallant 2021 {published data only}
    1. Hill Gallant KM, Stremke ER, Trevino L, Moorthi RN, Doshi S, Wastney ME, et al. EOS789, a broad-spectrum inhibitor of phosphate transport, is safe with an indication of efficacy in a Phase 1b randomized cross-over trial in hemodialysis patients. Kidney International 2021;99(5):1225-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.09.035] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Moe SM, Trevino L, Moorthi R, Doshi S, Wastney ME, Hisada N, et al. EOS789, a novel pan-inhibitor of NaPi-IIb/PiT-1/PiT-2, decreased intestinal phosphate absorption in hemodialysis patients measured by sensitive and direct method using 33P: a phase 1b clinical trial [abstract no: FR-OR033]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2019;30(Abstract Suppl):50. [EMBASE: 633770757]
HiLo 2021 {published data only}
    1. Edmonston DL, Isakova T, Dember LM, Brunelli SM, Young A, Brosch R, et al. Design and rationale of HiLo: a pragmatic, randomized trial of phosphate management for patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2021;77(6):920-30. [DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.10.008] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
How 2011 {published data only}
    1. How PP, Anattiwong P, Arruda J, Lau A. Phosphate binding efficacy of chewed vs. crushed lanthanum carbonate in hemodialysis patients [abstract no: F-PO1865]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2009;20(Abstract Suppl):538A.
    1. How PP, Anattiwong P, Mason DL, Arruda JA, Lau AH. Phosphate-binding efficacy of crushed vs. chewed lanthanum carbonate in hemodialysis patients. Hemodialysis International 2011;15(1):95-9. [PMID: ] - PubMed
Ibrahim 2013 {published data only}
    1. Ibrahim FH, Fadhlina NZ, Ng EK, Thong KM, Goh BL, Sulaiman DM, et al. A randomized, open-label, crossover design study to compare the safety and efficacy of sevelamer carbonate versus calcium carbonate in the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in patients with chronic kidney disease on dialysis [abstract no: MP548]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(Suppl 1):i470. [EMBASE: 71076459]
Isakova 2011 {published data only}
    1. Isakova T, Gutierrez O, Smith K, Epstein M, Patel N, Juppner H, et al. Short-term effect of dietary phosphorus restriction and lanthanum carbonate on FGF23 in chronic kidney disease patients [abstract no: 137]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2010;55(4):B66. [EMBASE: 70124794]
    1. Isakova T, Gutierrez OM, Smith K, Epstein M, Keating LK, Juppner H, et al. Pilot study of dietary phosphorus restriction and phosphorus binders to target fibroblast growth factor 23 in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2011;26(2):584-91. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Ito 2023 {published data only}
    1. Ito K, Yokoyama K. Iron absorption and phosphate-lowering effects of ferric citrate hydrate are not influenced by gastric acid secretion inhibitors in patients with chronic kidney disease: a retrospective post hoc analysis. International Urology & Nephrology 2023;55(1):141-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s11255-022-03287-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ittel 1991 {published data only}
    1. Ittel TH, Schfer C, Schmitt H, Gladziwa U, Sieberth HG. Calcium carbonate as a phosphate binder in dialysis patients: evaluation of an enteric-coated preparation and effect of additional aluminium hydroxide on hyperaluminaemia. Klinische Wochenschrift 1991;69(2):59-67. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Jammalamadaka 2015 {published data only}
    1. Jammalamadaka D, Nahman NS, White JJ. "Binder Reminders" for persistent hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: a fellow's quality improvement product [abstract no: PUB154]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2015;26(Abstract Suppl):1007A. [CENTRAL: CN-01658469]
Joy 1999 {published data only}
    1. Finn W, Joy M, Webster I, Gill M. Lanthanum carbonate (fosrenol) causes significant reductions in serum phosphorus and ca x p product in a dose-ranging, placebo-controlled study [abstract no: w437]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2003;18(Suppl 4):686. [CENTRAL: CN-00445339]
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, Hladik GA, Lanthanum Study Group. Results of a randomized dose-ranging, placebo controlled study of lanthanum carbonate for reduction of serum phosphate in chronic renal failure patients receiving hemodialysis [abstract no: A1317]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):261A. [CENTRAL: CN-00550727]
    1. Joy MS, Hladik GA, Finn WF, Lanthanum Study Group. Safety of an investigational phosphate binder (lanthanum carbonate) in hemodialysis patients [abstract no: A1327]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):263A. [CENTRAL: CN-00583642]
Joy 2003 {published data only}
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, Webster I. Efficacy and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate, a new phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia [abstract]. Nephrology Nursing Journal 2003;30(2):150. [CENTRAL: CN-00671774] - PubMed
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, Webster I. Lanthanum carbonate, a novel phosphate binder, is effective and has a good safety profile in the long-term treatment of hyperphosphatemia in end-stage renal disease [abstract]. Nephrology Nursing Journal 2003;30(2):151. [CENTRAL: CN-00644293]
    1. Finn WF, Joy MS, LAM-308 Study Group. A long-term, open-label extension study on the safety of treatment with lanthanum carbonate, a new phosphate binder, in patients receiving hemodialysis. Current Medical Research & Opinion 2005;21(5):657-64. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Joy MS, Finn WF, LAM-302 Study Group. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-titration, phase III study assessing the efficacy and tolerability of lanthanum carbonate: a new phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2003;42(1):96-107. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Kalil 2012 {published data only}
    1. Kalil RS, Flanigan M, Stanford W, Haynes WG. Dissociation between progression of coronary artery calcification and endothelial function in hemodialysis patients: a prospective pilot study. Clinical Nephrology 2012;78(1):1-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Koiwa 2005 {published data only}
    1. Koiwa F, Kazama JJ, Tokumoto A, Onoda N, Kato H, Okada T, et al. Sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium bicarbonate reduce serum fibroblast growth factor 23 levels in dialysis patients. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2005;9(4):336-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2005.00293.x] - DOI - PubMed
Koiwa 2005a {published data only}
    1. Koiwa F, Onoda N, Kato H, Tokumoto A, Okada T, Fukagawa M, et al. Prospective randomized multicenter trial of sevelamer hydrochloride and calcium carbonate for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients in Japan. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2005;9(4):340-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Koiwa 2017a {published data only}
    1. Koiwa F, Terao A. Dose-response efficacy and safety of PA21 in Japanese hemodialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, Phase II study. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2017;21(3):513-22 [Erratum in: Clinical and Experimental Nephrology. 2017 Jun;21(3):523]. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Koontz 2012 {published data only}
    1. Koontz T, Balikian S, Bross R, Lee ML, Rattanasompattikul M, Hatamizadeh P, et al. Fosrenol for enhancing dietary protein intake in hypoalbuminemic dialysis patients (FREDI) study [abstract]. Kidney Research & Clinical Practice 2012;31(2):A68. [EMBASE: 70814912]
Kurihara 2005 {published data only}
    1. Kurihara S, Tsuruta Y, Akizawa T. Effect of MCI-196 (colestilan) as a phosphate binder on hyperphosphataemia in haemodialysis patients: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, short-term trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(2):424-30. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Lee 2013b {published data only}
    1. Lee GH, Han N, Hong SH, Kim YS, Shin WG, Oh JM. Changes in serum fibroblast growth factor 23 during the use of calcium carbonate concurrent with calcitriol in stage 3 CKD patients [abstract no: 341]. Pharmacotherapy 2013;33(10):e284. [EMBASE: 71764412]
Lee 2022 {published data only}
    1. Lee CT, Lee CC, Wu MJ, Chiu YW, Leu JG, Wu MS, et al. Long-term safety and efficacy of ferric citrate in phosphate-lowering and iron-repletion effects among patients with on hemodialysis: a multicenter, open-label, phase IV trial. PLOS One [Electronic Resource] 2022;17(3):e0264727. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264727] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Lim 2018 {published data only}
    1. Lim E, Hyun S, Lee JM, Kim S, Lee MJ, Lee SM, et al. Effects of education on low-phosphate diet and phosphate binder intake to control serum phosphate among maintenance hemodialysis patients: a randomized controlled trial. Kidney Research & Clinical Practice 2018;37(1):69-76. [DOI: 10.23876/j.krcp.2018.37.1.69] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Locatelli 2010a {published data only}
    1. Locatelli F, Dimkovic N, Manning A, Chambard A, Sano H, Nakajima S. MCI-196, a new phosphate binder, has an additional effect on dyslipidemia and uric acid in patients with hyperphosphatemia on hemodialysis [abstract no: F-PO952]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2004;15(Oct):272A. [CENTRAL: CN-00765636]
    1. Locatelli F, Dimkovic N, Manning A, Verho M, Sano H, Nakajima S. MCI-196, a new phosphate binder, reduces hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: a phase II, dose-finding study [abstract no: F-PO953]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2004;15(Oct):272A. [CENTRAL: CN-00765638]
    1. Locatelli F, Dimkovic N, Pontoriero G, Spasovski G, Pljesa S, Kostic S, et al. Effect of MCI-196 on serum phosphate and cholesterol levels in haemodialysis patients with hyperphosphataemia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2010;25(2):574-81. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Locatelli F, Pontoriero G, Dimkovic N, Chambard A, Manning A, Nakajima S, et al. MCI-196, a new phosphate binder, reduces hyperphosphataemia and lipid levels in patients on regular hemodialysis [abstract no: SO08]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v5. [CENTRAL: CN-00765637]
Mai 1989 {published data only}
    1. Mai ML, Emmett M, Sheikh MS, Santa Ana C, Fordtran JS. Calcium acetate (CaAc), an effective binder of dietary phosphorus (P) in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF) [abstract]. Kidney International 1989;35(1):384. [CENTRAL: CN-00626015] - PubMed
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Mak 1985 {published data only}
    1. Mak RH, Turner C, Thompson T, Powell H, Haycock GB, Chantler C. Suppression of secondary hyperparathyroidism in children with chronic renal failure by high dose phosphate binders: calcium carbonate versus aluminium hydroxide. British Medical Journal Clinical Research Ed 1985;291(6496):623-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Makowka 2021 {published data only}
    1. Makowka A, Nowicki M. Different effect of lanthanum carbonate and sevelamer hydrochloride on calcium balance in patients with moderate to advanced chronic kidney disease. Therapeutics & Clinical Risk Management 2021;17:1145-51. [DOI: 10.2147/TCRM.S330649] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Martin 2009 {published data only}
    1. Martin KJ, Bushinsky DA, Cheng S, McGinnis J, Polu K, Reiner M, et al. A phase 2, randomized, double-blind,placebo-controlled, parallel group, fixed dose study of AMG 223 in subjects with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis with hyperphosphatemia [abstract no: F-PO1108]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2009;20(Abstract Suppl):367A.
Maruyama 2021 {published data only}
    1. Maruyama S, Marbury TC, Connaire J, Ries D, Maxwell W, Rambaran C. NaPi-IIb inhibition for hyperphosphatemia in chronic kidney disease hemodialysis patients. Kidney International Reports 2021;6(3):675-84. - PMC - PubMed
Matuszkiewicz 2004 {published data only}
    1. Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J, Niemczyk S, Przedlacki J, Puka J, Switalski M, Ostrowski K. Effect of salmon calcitonin on bone mineral density and calcium-phosphate metabolism in chronic hemodialysis patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism [Wplyw lososiowej kalcytoniny na gestosc mineralna kosci oraz metabolizm wapnia i fosforu u chorych z wtorna nadczynnoscia przytarczyc przewlekle hemodializowanych]. Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnetrznej 2004;112(1):797-803. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
McIntyre 2009 {published data only}
    1. McIntyre C, Pai P, Warwick G, Wilkie M, Toft A, Hutchinson A. Iron-magnesium hydroxycarbonate (alpharen): a novel non calcium containing phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in chronic haemodialysis patients [abstract no: FP452]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2007;22(Suppl 6):vi171. [CENTRAL: CN-00690654] - PMC - PubMed
    1. McIntyre CW, Pai P, Warwick G, Wilkie M, Toft A. Alpharen is a novel effective non calcium containing phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in chronic haemodialysis patients [abstract no: F-PO108]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006;17(Abstracts):359A. [CENTRAL: CN-00688970] - PMC - PubMed
    1. McIntyre CW, Pai P, Warwick G, Wilkie M, Toft AJ, Hutchison AJ. Iron-magnesium hydroxycarbonate (alpharen): a novel non calcium containing phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia in chronic haemodialysis patients [abstract no: 142]. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 2007;49(4):A60. - PMC - PubMed
    1. McIntyre CW, Pai P, Warwick G, Wilkie M, Toft AJ, Hutchison AJ. Iron-magnesium hydroxycarbonate (fermagate): a novel non-calcium-containing phosphate binder for the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in chronic hemodialysis patients. Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2009;4(2):401-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Messana 1999 {published data only}
    1. Messana JM, Hsu C, Young E, Swartz RD. Ferric citrate (FC), an alternate phosphorous (PHS)-binder in ESRD patients on hemodialysis (HD) [abstract no: A3098]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 1999;10(Program & Abstracts):612A. [CENTRAL: CN-01658275]
Morniere 1992 {published data only}
    1. Moriniere P, Boudailliez B, Westeel PF, Achard JM, Maurouard C, Bouillon R, et al. Treatment of hyperparathyroidism in dialysis patients by intravenous 1alpha OH vitamin D3 in association with MG(OH)2 as sole phophate binder [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1991;6(10):818. [CENTRAL: CN-00260634]
    1. Morniere P, Maurouard C, Boudailliez B, Westeel PF, Achard JM, Boitte F, et al. Prevention of hyperparathyroidism in patients on maintenance dialysis by intravenous 1-alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 in association with Mg(OH)2 as sole phosphate binder. A randomized comparative study with the association CaCO3 +/- Mg(OH)2. Nephron 1992;60(2):154-63. [DOI: 10.1159/000186732] - DOI - PubMed
Moustafa 2014 {published data only}
    1. Moustafa M, Lehrner L, Al-Saghir F, Smith M, Goyal S, Dillon M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study using Genz-644470 and sevelamer carbonate in hyperphosphatemic chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: Sa578]. NDT Plus 2010;3(Suppl 3):iii236. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Moustafa M, Lehrner L, Al-Saghir F, Smith M, Goyal S, Dillon M, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging study using Genz-644470 and sevelamer carbonate in hyperphosphatemic chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis. International Journal of Nephrology & Renovascular Disease 2014;7:141-52. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Striker G, Uribarri J, Vlassara H. Dose dependent reduction of cytotoxic advanced glycation endproducts by sevelamer carbonate [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2012;27(Suppl 2):ii176-7. [EMBASE: 70765813]
    1. Striker G, Yubero-Serrano E, Uribarri J, Vlassara H. Methylglyoxal (MG) levels are markedly higher in diabetic hemodialysis (HD) patients than non-diabetic HD patients, which may contribute to increased morbidity and mortality in diabetics [abstract no: MP599]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(Suppl 1):i488. [EMBASE: 71076510]
    1. Striker GE, Yubero-Serrano EM, Vlassara H. A dose-response study to determine the minimal dose of sevelamer carbonate that reduces cardiovascular disease risk factors in type 2 diabetic hemodialysis patients [abstract no: SA-PO499]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2012;23(Abstract Suppl):752A.
Mouzo 2004 {published data only}
    1. Mouzo R, Sierra FG, Lombardi V, Rodriguez J, Castro P, Alvarez A, et al. Effectiveness of sevelamer (SEV) administration according to Hispanic dietary habits and phosphate food content in hemodialysis chronic (HD) patients [abstract]. In: 41st Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 2004 May 15-18; Lisbon, Portugal. 2004:104. [CENTRAL: CN-00509368]
Nakayama 2024 {published data only}
    1. Nakayama M, Kobayashi S, Kusakabe M, Ohara M, Nakanishi K, Akizawa T, et al. Tenapanor for peritoneal dialysis patients with hyperphosphatemia: a phase 3 trial. Clinical & Experimental Nephrology 2024;28(2):153-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02406-1] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
NCT00018135 {published data only}
    1. NCT00018135. Parathyroid hormone levels in relation to the phosphorus content of meals. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT00018135 (first received 5 July 2001).
NCT00364000 {published data only}
    1. NCT00364000. Arterial stiffness and calcifications in haemodialysis patients on sevelamer or calcium acetate [Arterial stiffness and arterial calcifications evolution in ESRD haemodialysis patients treated by sevelamer or calcium acetate]. https://www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00364000 (first received 15 August 2006).
NCT00436683 {published data only}
    1. NCT00436683. Dose ranging study of magnesium iron hydroxycarbonate in haemodialysis subjects with hyperphosphataemia [An open label, dose-ranging study to establish the tolerability of magnesium iron hydroxycarbonate in haemodialysis subjects with hyperphosphataemia]. https://www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00436683 (first received 19 February 2007).
NCT00660530 {published data only}
    1. NCT00660530. Chewed vs. crushed lanthanum carbonate in hemodialysis patients [An evaluation of chewed vs. crushed lanthanum carbonate in the efficacy of phosphate binding in haemodialysis patients]. https://www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00660530 (first received 17 April 2008).
NCT00745589 {published data only}
    1. NCT00745589. Sevelamer hydrochloride in peritoneal dialysis patients (SERENE) [Use of sevelamer hydrochloride to control hyperphosphatemia and reduce calcification burden in the poor peritoneal dialysis patients]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00745589 (first received 3 September 2008).
NCT01427907 {published data only}
    1. NCT01427907. Equivalence of calcium acetate oral solution and sevelamer carbonate tablets in hemodialysis patients (COS-002) [Randomized, multi-center, phase IV, 2-arm, open-label, cross-over study to demonstrate the equivalence of calcium acetate oral solution and sevelamer carbonate tablets in hemodialysis patients]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01427907 (first received 2 September 2011).
NCT01748396 {published data only}
    1. NCT01748396. Effect of phosphate binders on FGF-23 with concurrent calcitriol [Effect of phosphate binders on FGF-23 during calcitriol administration in CKD stage 3 patients]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01748396 (first received 12 December 2012).
NCT02027662 {published data only}
    1. NCT02027662. Therapeutic equivalence of OsvaRen® tablets and OsvaRen® granules (OsvaRenNEW) [Study to investigate efficacy and safety equivalence of OsvaRen® tablets and OsvaRen® granules]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02027662 (first received 6 January 2014).
NCT02492620 {published data only}
    1. NCT02492620. Ferric citrate for the transition from CKD stage 4/​5 to CKD stage 5D (05D) [A two-arm, open-label, standard of care control evaluation of ferric citrate for the transition from chronic kidney disease stage 4/5 to chronic kidney stage 5D]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02492620 (first received 8 July 2015).
NCT02684643 {published data only}
    1. NCT02684643. Study of individualized therapy on hyperphosphatemia in maintenance hemodialysis patients. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT02684643 (first received 18 February 2016).
NCT03163576 {published data only}
    1. NCT03163576. The efficacy of niacin on hyperphosphatemia in patients undergoing haemodialysis [The efficacy and safety of niacin on hyperphosphatemia in end stage renal disease patients undergoing haemodialysis]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03163576 (first received 23 May 2017).
NCT03305471 {published data only}
    1. NCT03305471. DS2330b alone and with sevelamer in patients on chronic hemodialysis [A phase 1b study, to assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of repeated doses of DS-2330b alone and when co-administered with sevelamer in patients on chronic hemodialysis]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT03305471 (first received 10 October 2017).
Nishi 2005 {published data only}
    1. Nishi H, Sato T, Kurihara T, Kurosawa T, Fukagawa M. Control of parathyroid function in patients with a short history of hemodialysis. Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2005;9(1):39-43. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Noel 1986 {published data only}
    1. Noel C, Sebert JL, Dhondt JC, Ruiz P, Leflon M, Dracon G, et al. Bone histomorphometry and biochemical comparison between asymptomatic patients on maintenance dialysis with and without hyperaluminaemia [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1986;1(2):121. [PMID: ]
Oliveira 2010 {published data only}0714.0.015.000‐07
    1. Graciolli FG, Oliveira RB, Dos Reis LM, Cancela AL, Cuppari L, Canziani ME, et al. Wnt pathway inhibition: another actor in CKD-MBD pathophysiology? [abstract no: SA-PO2908]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010;21(Abstract Suppl):774A.
    1. Oliveira RB, Cancela AL, Graciolli FG, Dos Reis LM, Draibe SA, Cuppari L, et al. Early control of PTH and FGF23 in normophosphatemic CKD patients: a new target in CKD-MBD therapy? Clinical Journal of The American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2010;5(2):286-91. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
    1. Oliveira RB, Cancela AL, Graciolli FG, Draibe SA, Cuppari L, Carvalho AB, et al. Sevelamer (SEV), but not calcium acetate (CA), lowers fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients [abstract no: SA-PO862]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2007;18(Abstracts):532A.
    1. Oliveira RB, Dos Reis LM, Graciolli FG, Cancela AL, Canziani ME, Carvalho AB, et al. CKD is associated with increased serum levels of energy-regulating hormones [abstract no: PUB102]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2010;21(Abstract Suppl):833A.
    1. Oliveira RB, Graciolli FG, Dos Reis LM, Cancela AL, Cuppari L, Canziani ME, et al. Disturbances of Wnt/beta-catenin pathway and energy metabolism in early CKD: effect of phosphate binders. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(10):2510-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
OPTIMA 2008 {published data only}
    1. Messa P, Macário F, Yaqoob M, Bouman K, Braun J, Albertini B, et al. The OPTIMA study: assessing a new cinacalcet (Sensipar/Mimpara) treatment algorithm for secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN 2008;3(1):36-45. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
OPTIMIZE 2024 {published data only}
    1. Sprague SM, Weiner DE, Tietjen DP, Pergola PE, Fishbane S, Block GA, et al. Tenapanor as therapy for hyperphosphatemia in maintenance dialysis patients: results from the OPTIMIZE study. Kidney360 2024;5(5):732-42. [DOI: 10.34067/KID.0000000000000387] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Ouellet 2010 {published data only}
    1. Ouellet G, Cardinal H, Mailhot M, Ste-Marie L, Roy L. Does simultaneous administration of sevelamer and calcium carbonate decrease phosphate-binding capacity? [abstract no: PUB429]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2007;18(Abstracts):924A.
    1. Ouellet G, Cardinal H, Mailhot M, Ste-Marie LG, Roy L. Does concomitant administration of sevelamer and calcium carbonate modify the control of phosphatemia? Therapeutic Apheresis & Dialysis 2010;14(2):172-7. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Pai 2008a {published data only}
    1. Pai P, Ross C, Wilkie M, Warwick G, Chapman A, McIntyre C, et al. Fermagate (Alpharen) provides long term effective control of serum phosphate combined with good tolerability [abstract no: SU609]. In: World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22-26; Milan, Italy. 2009.
    1. Pai P, Toft A, Tumlin J, Ross C, Roe S, Chapman A, et al. Fermagate (AlpharenT): a novel anion exchange compound, effectively controls hyperphosphatemia in patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: SA-PO2751]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):732A.
Pai 2024 {published data only}
    1. Pai SM, Yamada H. Effect of the phosphate binder sevelamer carbonate on the bioavailability of enarodustat, an oral erythropoiesis stimulating agent. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development 2024;13(1):111-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1336] - DOI - PubMed
Pan 2019 {published data only}
    1. Pan FF, Peri F, Umile J, Saba D, Champion de Crespigny P, Toussaint N, et al. Study of calcium carbonate versus sevelamer on vascular stiffness in haemodialysis patients [abstract no: MON-116]. Kidney International Reports 2019;4(7 Suppl):S351-2. [EMBASE: 2002179306]
    1. Pan FF, Smith ER, Hewitson TD, Wigg B, Champion de Crespigny PJ, Toussaint ND, et al. SUN-094 A randomised cross-over trial of the effects of calcium carbonate and sevelamer phosphate binders on calciprotein particles in prevalent haemodialysis patients [abstract]. Kidney International Reports 2020;5(3 Suppl):S240. [EMBASE: 2005256379]
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PEACH 2021 {published data only}
    1. Block GA, Hon GG, Faria N, Powell J. Efficacy and safety of PT20:a novel iron-based phosphate binder [abstract no: FR-PO909]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2015;26(Abstract Suppl):576A.
    1. Sampson M, Faria N, Powell JJ. Efficacy and safety of PT20, an iron-based phosphate binder, for the treatment of hyperphosphataemia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-ranging, phase IIb study in patients with haemodialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2021;36(8):1399–407. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa116] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Pflanz 1994 {published data only}
    1. Pflanz S, Henderson IS, McElduff N, Jones MC. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate as phosphate-binding agents in chronic haemodialysis [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1993;8(11):1301. [CENTRAL: CN-00447209] - PubMed
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Phelps 2002 {published data only}
    1. Phelps KR, Stern M, Slingerland A, Heravi M, Strogatz DS, Haqqie SS. Metabolic and skeletal effects of low and high doses of calcium acetate in patients with preterminal chronic renal failure. American Journal of Nephrology 2002;22(5-6):445-54. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Phelps 2014 {published data only}
    1. Phelps KR, Mason D, Stote K. Determinants of [FGF23] in stages 3-4 CKD [abstract no: PUB600]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2014;25(Abstract Suppl):1032A.
    1. Phelps KR, Mason D. Use of sevelamer carbonate to examine the role of intraluminal phosphate in secondary hyperparathyroidism [abstract no: SA-PO579]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2013;24(Abstract Suppl):no pagination.
    1. Phelps KR, Stote KS, Mason D. Use of sevelamer to examine the role of intraluminal phosphate in the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism. Clinical Nephrology 2014;82(3):191-201. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Przedlacki 2005 {published data only}
    1. Przedlacki J, Matuszkiewicz-Rowinska J, Trebicka J, Jedras M. Alfacalcidol is essential for bone mineral density in chronic renal failure [abstract no: SP184]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v80. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/20.suppl_5.v79] - DOI
Ring 1993 {published data only}
    1. Ring T, Nielsen C, Andersen SP, Behrens JK, Sodemann B, Kornerup HJ. Calcium acetate versus calcium carbonate as phosphorus binders in patients on chronic haemodialysis: a controlled study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1993;8(4):341-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Rudnicki 1993 {published data only}
    1. Rudnicki M, Hojsted J, Petersen LJ, Sorensen HA, Hyldstrup L, Transbol I. Oral calcium effectively reduces parathyroid hormone levels in hemodialysis patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Nephron 1993;65(3):369-74. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Ruff 2008 {published data only}
    1. Ruff A, Heaton J. Randomzied, open-label, cross-over study to assess the potential pharmacokinetic interaction of warfarin and sevelamer carbonate [abstract no: PUB555]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):936A.
Salusky 1991 {published data only}
    1. Goodman WG, Coburn JW, Foley J, Salusky IB. Prospective assessment of aluminum retention in dialyzed patients given calcium carbonate or aluminum hydroxide [abstract]. Kidney International 1990;37(1):328. [CENTRAL: CN-00626083]
    1. Salusky IB, Coburn JW, Foley J, Slatopolsky E, Goodman WG. Prospective trial of calcium carbonate versus aluminum hydroxide with oral calcitriol therapy in renal osteodystrophy [abstract]. Kidney International 1990;37(1):451. [CENTRAL: CN-01912330]
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Salusky 2005 {published data only}
    1. Pereira RC, Hernandez JD, Wesseling K, Gales B, Jueppner HW, Salusky IB. Differential effect of doxercalciferol and calcitriol on skeletal lesions of secondary hyperparathyroidism [abstract no: TH-PO133]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006;17(Abstracts):134A. [CENTRAL: CN-00740590]
    1. Salusky I, Jueppner H, Gales B, Elashoff R, Goodman WG. Skeletal response to the treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism: a comparison between calcitriol and 1-alpha-D2 [abstract no: F-PO643]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2003;14(Nov):202A. [CENTRAL: CN-01912337]
    1. Salusky IB, Goodman WG, Elashoff R, Gales B, Shaney S, Jueppner H. Prospective comparison of calcium-based binder versus sevelamer HCL on the control of the skeletal lesions of secondary hyperparathyroidism [abstract no: F-PO989]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2004;15(Oct):281A. [CENTRAL: CN-01912336]
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Scaria 2009 {published data only}
    1. Scaria PT, Gangadhar R, Pisharody R. Effect of lanthanum carbonate and calcium acetate in the treatment of hyperphosphatemia in patients of chronic kidney disease. Indian Journal of Pharmacology 2009;41(4):187-91. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
Schaefer 1990 {published data only}
    1. Schaefer K, Scheer J, Asmus G, Herrath D, Sperachneider H, Gunther K, et al. The effect of calcium acetate and calcitriol on the calcium and phosphorus metabolism in haemodialysis patients [abstract]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1990;5(8):734-5. [CENTRAL: CN-00260557]
Schaefer 1991 {published data only}
    1. Schaefer K, Scheer J, Asmus G, Umlauf E, Hagemann J, Herrath D. The treatment of uraemic hyperphosphataemia with calcium acetate and calcium carbonate: a comparative study. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 1991;6(3):170-5. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Schepers 2024 {published data only}
    1. Schepers L, Jans I, Pot GK, Smilde AJ, Hofstra JM, Roos NM. The effect of niacinamide supplementation on phosphate concentrations in Dutch dialysis patients: a randomized crossover trial. Journal of Renal Nutrition 2024;34(5):454-62. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jrn.2024.02.005] - DOI - PubMed
Sechet 1998 {published data only}
    1. Sechet A, Abi Ghanem O, Said S, Rasombolobna M, Oualim Z, Moriniere P, et al. Role of administration schedule in relation to meal on CaCO3 efficiency in controlling hyperphosphatemia in dialysis patients [abstract]. In: 35th Congress. European Renal Association. European Dialysis and Transplantation Association; 1998 Jun 6-9; Rimini, Italy. 1998:38. [CENTRAL: CN-00485788]
    1. Sechet A, Abighanem O, Said S, Rasombololona M, Moriniere P, Brazier M, et al. Role of the time of administration of calcium carbonate (before or during mealtime) in the control of hyperphosphatemia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis [Role du moment d'administration du carbonate de calcium (avant ou pendant les repas) sur le controle de l'hyperphosphoremie des patients hemodialyses chroniques]. Nephrologie 1999;20(4):209-12. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
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Sechet 1999 {published data only}
    1. Sechet A, Abighanem O, Said S, Rasombololona M, Moriniere P, Brazier M, et al. Inhibition of gastric secretion by omeprazole and efficacy of calcium carbonate in the control of hyperphosphatemia in patients on maintenance hemodialysis [Inhibition de la secretion gastrique par l'omeprazole et efficacite du carbonate de calcium sur le controle de l'hyperphosphoremie des patients hemodialyses chroniques]. Nephrologie 1999;20(4):213-6. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Seferi 2012 {published data only}
    1. Seferi S, Rroji M, Thereska N. Is sevelamer hydrocloride as effective as calcium carbonate for reduction of serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients? [abstract]. Hemodialysis International 2012;16(1):140-1. [EMBASE: 70725376]
Shigematsu 2001 {published data only}
    1. Shigematsu T, Terawaki H, Hasegawa T, Kato N, Yamamoto H, Yokoyama K, et al. The vitamin D therapy alone should be selected in pre-dialysis renal failure patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism, instead of the combination therapy with vitamin D and calcium [abstract no: A4036]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2001;12(Program & Abstracts):772-3A. [CENTRAL: CN-01658519]
Shigematsu 2008a {published data only}
    1. Shigematsu T. Lanthanum carbonate is effective enough to control serum P level in line with K/DOQI target without Ca load in Japanese CKD5 patients undergoing hemodialysis [abstract no: PUB337]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2006;17(Abstracts):887A. [CENTRAL: CN-00765531]
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Shigematsu 2021 {published data only}
    1. Shigematsu T, Une Y, Ikejiri K, Kanda H, Fukagawa M, Akizawa T. Therapeutic effects of add-on tenapanor for hemodialysis patients with refractory hyperphosphatemia. American Journal of Nephrology 2021;52(6):496-506. [DOI: 10.1159/000516156] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Shimoda 1996 {published data only}
    1. Shimoda K, Akiba T, Matsushima T, Rai T, Hoshino M. Niceritrol decreases serum phosphate levels in hemodialysis patients - a randomized, double blind, crossover study [abstract no: A2803]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 1996;7(9):1807. [CENTRAL: CN-00447715]
Sigrist 2013 {published data only}
    1. Sigrist M, Tang M, Beaulieu M, Espino-Hernandez G, Er L, Djurdjev O, et al. Responsiveness of FGF-23 and mineral metabolism to altered dietary phosphate intake in chronic kidney disease (CKD): results of a randomized trial. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2013;28(1):161-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SPD405‐307 2006 {published data only}
    1. Altmann P, Barnett ME, Finn WF, SPD405-307 Lanthanum Carbonate Study Group. Cognitive function in Stage 5 chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis: no adverse effects of lanthanum carbonate compared with standard phosphate-binder therapy. Kidney International 2007;71(3):252-9. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
    1. Altmann P, Finn WF. Lanthanum carbonate has shown no negative effects on cognitive function compared with standard therapy: results from a 2-year study [abstract no: F-PO950]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2004;15:272A.
    1. Finn W. 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency in stage V chronic kidney disease patients on hemodialysis [abstract no: SP201]. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2005;20(Suppl 5):v86.
    1. Finn W. Lanthanum carbonate versus standard therapy: effects on hematological and biochemical parameters [abstract no: SA-PO951]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2005;16:765A.
    1. Finn W. No evidence for hepatotoxicity after 2 years of lanthanum carbonate therapy [abstract no: SA-PO950]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2005;16:764-5A. [CENTRAL: CN-00644346]
Sprague 2009b {published data only}
    1. Krause R, Sprague S, Zhang P, Qiu P, Ross E. Lanthanum carbonate provides greater phosphate reduction than sevelamer hydrochloride over a 4 week treatment period in patients on dialysis [abstract no: SU579]. In: World Congress of Nephrology; 2009 May 22-26; Milan, Italy. 2009.
    1. Sprague SM, Poole L, Smyth M. Greater reduction of serum phosphorus with lanthanum carbonate compared with sevelamer hydrochloride in hemodialysis patients [abstract no: F-PO1111]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2009;20(Abstract Suppl):368A.
    1. Sprague SM, Ross EA, Nath SD, Zhang P, Pratt RD, Krause R. Lanthanum carbonate vs sevelamer hydrochloride for the reduction of serum phosphorus in hemodialysis patients: a crossover study. Clinical Nephrology 2009;72(4):252-8. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
SUMMER 2011 {published data only}
    1. Boaz M, Biro A, Katzir Z, Shtendik L, Weinstein T. Nested cross-sectional analysis of baseline date from the Sevelamer hydrochloride and Ultrasound-Measured femoral and carotid intima Media thickness progression in End stage Renal disease: SUMMER [abstract no: SA-PO2704]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2008;19(Abstracts Issue):721A.
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Thiem 2021 {published data only}
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Thongsunti 2024 {published data only}
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Tsai 2020 {published data only}
    1. Tsai PH, Chung CH, Chien WC, Chu P. Effects of calcium-containing phosphate binders on cardiovascular events and mortality in predialysis CKD stage 5 patients. PLOS One [Electronic Resource] 2020;15(10):e0241435. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241435] - DOI - PMC - PubMed
Tzanakis 2008 {published data only}
    1. Tzanakis IP, Papadaki AN, Wei M, Kagia S, Spadidakis VV, Kallivretakis NE, et al. Magnesium carbonate for phosphate control in patients on hemodialysis. A randomized controlled trial. International Urology & Nephrology 2008;40(1):193-201. [MEDLINE: ] - PMC - PubMed
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Vrdoljak 2024 {published data only}
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    1. Yokoyama K, Hirakata H, Akiba T, Sawada K, Kumagai Y. Effect of oral JTT-751 (ferric citrate) on hyperphosphatemia in hemodialysis patients: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. American Journal of Nephrology 2012;36(5):478-87. [MEDLINE: ] - PubMed
Zamora‐Olivencia 2019 {published data only}
    1. Zamora-Olivencia V, Sprague SM. Effect of dietary phosphate, binder, and pill burden on phosphate control in dialysis patients [abstract no: FR-PO150]. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN 2019;30(Abstract Suppl):472. [EMBASE: 633768346]
Zheng 2020 {published data only}
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Zhuang 2024 {published data only}
    1. Zhuang B, Gan L, Liu B, Yuan W, Shi M, Peng A, et al. Tolerability, safety and efficacy of a novel phosphate binder VS-505 (AP301): a phase 2 dose-escalation and dose-ranging study in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 2024;39(10):1649-61. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfae053] - DOI - PubMed

References to studies awaiting assessment

NCT00317694 {published data only}
    1. NCT00317694. Efficacy and safety study of magnesium iron hydroxycarbonate for the reduction of high blood phosphate in hemodialysis patients [A multicentre phase ii study with magnesium iron hydroxycarbonate: an open-label, dose-ranging phase followed by a placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group comparison in haemodialysis subjects with hyperphosphataemia]. https://www.clinicalTrials.gov/show/NCT00317694 (first received 25 April 2006).
NCT00560300 {published data only}35423
    1. NCT00560300. Regulation of bone formation in renal osteodystrophy. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00560300 (first received 19 November 2007).

References to ongoing studies

NCT03573089 {published data only}
    1. NCT03573089. Pragmatic randomised trial of high or standard PHosphAte Targets in end-stage kidney disease (PHOSPHATE) [An investigator-initiated, international, multi-centre, prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel-group, superiority, and pragmatic large simple trial (lst) to determine whether the currently recommended strategy of intensive reduction of serum phosphate concentration towards the normal level results in significant patient-centred benefits in end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients receiving dialysis]. https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03573089 (first received 29 June 2018).
ROADMAP 2022 {published data only}8252
    1. Vermeulen EA, Eelderink C, Hoekstra T, Ballegooijen AJ, Raijmakers P, Beulens JW, et al. Reversal Of Arterial Disease by modulating Magnesium and Phosphate (ROADMAP-study): rationale and design of a randomized controlled trial assessing the effects of magnesium citrate supplementation and phosphate-binding therapy on arterial stiffness in moderate chronic kidney disease. Trials 2022;23(1):769. [DOI: 10.1186/s13063-022-06562-9] - DOI - PMC - PubMed

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References to other published versions of this review

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