Comprehensive Examination of Upper-Extremity Spasticity

Abstract

Spasticity is characterized by heightened muscle tone with exaggerated stretch reflexes and represents a prominent feature of upper motor neuron syndrome. This condition leads to a spectrum of upper limb deformities based on underlying pathology, location and severity of the causative lesion, presence of concomitant contracture, and prior treatment. Because of the heterogeneous presentation of the spastic upper limb, a uniform approach to assessment is a critical component of caring for patients with upper motor neuron syndrome. Unfortunately, existing scientific literature lacks consistent diagnostic standards, thereby preventing effective comparison of outcomes. A minimum set of evaluation criteria should be employed to both clarify clinical communication and improve postoperative outcomes reporting. This review outlines a stepwise approach to evaluation, a guide for standardizing measurements, and explores how diagnostic findings influence surgical decision-making in upper limb spasticity.

Keywords: Cerebral palsy; contracture; physical examination; spasticity; stroke.