Microprotein SMIM26 drives oxidative metabolism via serine-responsive mitochondrial translation

Abstract

Mitochondrial small open reading frame (ORF)-encoded microproteins (SEPs) are key regulators and components of the electron transport chain (ETC). Although ETC complex I assembly is tightly coupled to nutrient availability, including serine, the coordinating mechanism remains unknown. A genome-wide CRISPR screen targeting SEPs revealed that deletion of the LINC00493-encoded microprotein SMIM26 sensitizes cells to one-carbon restriction. SMIM26 interacts with mitochondrial serine transporters SFXN1/2 and the mitoribosome, forming a functional triad that facilitates translation of the complex I subunit mt-ND5. SMIM26 loss impairs serine import, reduces folate intermediates, and disrupts key mitochondrial tRNA modifications (τm⁵U and τm⁵s²U), resulting in ND5 translation failure and complex I deficiency. SMIM26 deletion is embryonic lethal in mice and impedes tumor growth in a xenograft model of folate-dependent acute myeloid leukemia. These findings define SMIM26 as a critical integrator of one-carbon flux and complex I biogenesis and establish a paradigm for localized mitochondrial translation through transporter-ribosome interactions.

Keywords: complex I; electron transport chain; micropeptides; mitochondria; mitochondrial translation; one-carbon pathway; oxidative phosphorylation; small ORF-encoded peptides.