More Severe Brain Network Hierarchy Disorganization in Treatment-Naive Deficit Compared to Non-deficit Schizophrenia and Underlying Neurotransmitter Associations

Chengmin Yang^{1

2

3}, Lusi Zhang⁴, Jiajun Liu⁵, Kun Li⁶, Siyi Li^{1

2

3}, Zhipeng Yang⁵, Jeffrey R Bishop⁴, Wei Deng^{7

8}, Li Yao^{1

2

3}, Su Lui^{1

2

3}, Qiyong Gong^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
² Xiamen Key Laboratory of Psychoradiology and Neuromodulation, Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen 361022, China.
³ Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
⁴ Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
⁵ College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China.
⁶ Shandong Daizhuang Hospital, Jining 272075, China.
⁷ Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China.
⁸ Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China.

PMID: 40579374
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae231

More Severe Brain Network Hierarchy Disorganization in Treatment-Naive Deficit Compared to Non-deficit Schizophrenia and Underlying Neurotransmitter Associations

Chengmin Yang et al. Schizophr Bull. 2025.

. 2025 Jun 20:sbae231.

doi: 10.1093/schbul/sbae231. Online ahead of print.

Authors

Chengmin Yang^{1

2

3}, Lusi Zhang⁴, Jiajun Liu⁵, Kun Li⁶, Siyi Li^{1

2

3}, Zhipeng Yang⁵, Jeffrey R Bishop⁴, Wei Deng^{7

8}, Li Yao^{1

2

3}, Su Lui^{1

2

3}, Qiyong Gong^{1

2

3}

Affiliations

¹ Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), Functional and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
² Xiamen Key Laboratory of Psychoradiology and Neuromodulation, Department of Radiology, West China Xiamen Hospital of Sichuan University, Xiamen 361022, China.
³ Research Unit of Psychoradiology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
⁴ Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
⁵ College of Electronic Engineering, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China.
⁶ Shandong Daizhuang Hospital, Jining 272075, China.
⁷ Affiliated Mental Health Center and Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310013, China.
⁸ Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311121, China.

PMID: 40579374
DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae231

Abstract

Background and hypothesis: Deficit schizophrenia (DS) represents a distinct entity characterized by primary and enduring negative symptoms, yet the neurobiological differences between DS and non-DS (NDS) remain undetermined. Using a gradient-based approach, we hypothesize that DS and NDS will exhibit convergent and divergent brain functional hierarchy patterns, each with a specific underlying neurotransmitter architecture.

Study design: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging images were acquired from 44 treatment-naive DS, 55 treatment-naive NDS, and 60 matched healthy controls (HCs). Gradient metrics were calculated using the BrainSpace toolbox. The spatial correlation between gradient abnormalities in DS or NDS and density maps of 10 neurotransmitters derived by the JuSpace toolbox was analyzed to link the neuroimaging to underlying neurotransmitter information.

Study results: Both DS and NDS exhibited compressed gradient patterns compared to HC, suggesting reduced network differentiation, with more severe disorganization in DS. The ventral attention network was associated with depression symptoms in DS, whereas the visual network was related to total, general, and paranoid symptom scores in NDS. Moreover, spatial correlation of neurotransmitter analysis revealed that the gradient alterations of DS were primarily related to the serotonergic system while those of NDS were predominantly associated with the dopamine system.

Conclusions: The study suggests that independent from the potential effects of antipsychotic medication, DS and NDS are characterized by different neuropathology in brain hierarchy patterns, potentially linked to neurochemical metabolic distinction. Our findings support the hypothesis that DS is a distinct subtype versus NDS from neurodevelopmental perspective.

Keywords: deficit schizophrenia; functional gradient; heterogeneity; neurotransmitter; non-deficit schizophrenia; psychoradiology.

© The Author(s) 2025. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center. All rights reserved. For commercial re-use, please contact reprints@oup.com for reprints and translation rights for reprints. All other permissions can be obtained through our RightsLink service via the Permissions link on the article page on our site—for further information please contact journals.permissions@oup.com.

PubMed Disclaimer

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
- Ovid Technologies, Inc.
- Silverchair Information Systems

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

More Severe Brain Network Hierarchy Disorganization in Treatment-Naive Deficit Compared to Non-deficit Schizophrenia and Underlying Neurotransmitter Associations

Affiliations

More Severe Brain Network Hierarchy Disorganization in Treatment-Naive Deficit Compared to Non-deficit Schizophrenia and Underlying Neurotransmitter Associations

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Grants and funding

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources