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Review
. 2025 Aug;36(3):513-530.
doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2025.03.003. Epub 2025 May 29.

Spina Bifida

Andrew R McCoy  1 , Lydia Singerman  2 , Neha Anand  3 , Amy Kanallakan  4
Affiliations
Review

Spina Bifida

Andrew R McCoy et al. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am. 2025 Aug.

Abstract

Spina bifida (SB) is the most common neural tube defect. Myelomeningocele is the most common and severe form of SB, leading to a variety of sequelae especially with complications in the central nervous, lower urinary, gastrointestinal, and musculoskeletal systems. The care of children with SB is not only medically complex but requires coordination across various medical specialties and disciplines. This article provides a broad overview of different aspects of management for children with SB.

Keywords: Chiari II malformation; Hydrocephalus; Myelomeningocele; Neurogenic bladder; Neurogenic bowel; Spina bifida.

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Conflict of interest statement

Disclosures The authors have no conflicts or funding to disclose.