Comorbidity and temporal associations between mental disorders among college students in the world mental health international college student initiative

Annelieke M Roest¹, Ymkje Anna de Vries², Julia R Pozuelo³, Maria V Petukhova⁴, Sue Lee⁴, Nancy A Sampson⁴, Yesica Albor⁵, Ahmad N Alhadi⁶, Jordi Alonso⁷, Nouf Al-Saud⁸, Yasmin Altwaijri⁸, Claes Andersson⁹, Lukoye Atwoli¹⁰, Randy P Auerbach¹¹, Caroline Ayuya Muaka¹², Patricia M Báez-Mansur¹³, Laura Ballester¹⁴, Jason Bantjes¹⁵, Harald Baumeister¹⁶, Marcus Bendtsen¹⁷, Corina Benjet⁵, Anne H Berman¹⁸, Ronny Bruffaerts¹⁹, Paula Carrasco²⁰, Silver C N Chan²¹, Irina Cohut²², María Anabell Covarrubias Díaz Couder²³, Marcelo A Crockett²⁴, Pim Cuijpers²⁵, Oana A David²⁶, Dong Dong²⁷, David D Ebert²⁸, Jorge Gaete²⁹, Carlos García Forero³⁰, Margalida Gili³¹, Raúl Gutiérrez-García³², Josep Maria Haro³³, Penelope Hasking³⁴, Xanthe Hunt³⁵, Mathilde M Husky³⁶, Florence Jaguga³⁷, Álvaro I Langer³⁸, Irene Léniz³⁹, Yan Liu⁴⁰, Scarlett Mac-Ginty⁴¹, Vania Martínez⁴², Margaret McLafferty⁴³, Andrea Miranda³³, Iris Ruby Monroy-Velasco⁴⁴, Elaine K Murray⁴⁵, Catherine M Musyoka⁴⁶, Catalin Nedelcea⁴⁷, Daniel Núñez⁴⁸, Siobhan M O'Neill⁴⁹, José A Piqueras⁵⁰, Codruta A Popescu⁵¹, Ana Paula Prescivalli⁵², Charlene Rapsey⁵³, Kealagh Robinson⁵⁴, Tiscar Rodriguez-Jimenez⁵⁵, Wylene Saal⁵⁶, Oi-Ling Siu⁵⁷, Dan J Stein⁵⁸, Sascha Y Struijs⁵⁹, Cristina T Tomoiaga⁶⁰, Karla Patricia Valdés-García⁴⁴, Eunice Vargas-Contreras⁶¹, Daniel V Vigo⁶², Angel Y Wang⁵², Samuel Y S Wong²⁷, Ronald C Kessler⁴; World Mental Health International College Student collaborators

Collaborators, Affiliations

Collaborators

Affiliations

¹ Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: a.m.roest@rug.nl.
² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
³ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴ Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵ Center for Global Mental Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
⁸ Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Department of Criminology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
¹⁰ Brain and Mind Institute &Medical College of East Africa, the Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
¹² Department of Psychology & Counselling, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya.
¹³ Coordinación de Desarrollo Académico y Servicios Educativos, Universidad la Salle Ciudad Victoria, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico.
¹⁴ Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁵ Mental Health, Alcohol, Substance Use and Tobacco Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁶ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
¹⁸ Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹⁹ Center for Public Health Psychiatry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), Leuven, Belgium; Campus Gasthuisberg, Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum KU Leuven (UPC-KUL), Leuven, Belgium.
²⁰ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unit of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, and FISABIO, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
²¹ The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR.
²² Career Counseling and Guidance Center, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
²³ Coordinación de Investigación, Universidad la Salle Noroeste, Ciudad Obregón, Mexico.
²⁴ Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile.
²⁵ Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Science, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands; DATA Lab, International Institute for Advanced Studies in Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
²⁶ DATA Lab, International Institute for Advanced Studies in Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
²⁷ JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
²⁸ School of Medicine and Health, Department for Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Germany.
²⁹ Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Salud Mental Estudiantil (ISME), Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
³⁰ Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain.
³¹ Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma Mallorca, Spain.
³² Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Campus Salamanca, Mexico.
³³ Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu (IRSJD), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁴ School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
³⁵ Mental Health, Alcohol, Substance Use and Tobacco Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa.
³⁶ Active Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM U1219, University of Bordeaux, France.
³⁷ Department of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Services, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya.
³⁸ Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Psicología y Humanidades, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile.
³⁹ Dirección de Salud Mental, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile.
⁴⁰ School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, Shandong Province, PR China.
⁴¹ Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile; Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁴² Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile; ChileCentro de Medicina Reproductiva y Desarrollo Integral del Adolescente (Cemera), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
⁴³ Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry, Londonderry, UK; Atlantic Technological University, Donegal, Ireland.
⁴⁴ Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico.
⁴⁵ Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry, Londonderry, UK.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
⁴⁷ Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Bucharest, Romania.
⁴⁸ Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
⁴⁹ School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK.
⁵⁰ Department of Health Psychology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche (UMH), Alacant, Spain.
⁵¹ Department of Human Sciences, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁵² Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁵³ Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
⁵⁴ School of Psychology, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
⁵⁵ Department of Psychology and Sociology, Universidad de Zaragoza (UNIZAR), Zaragoza, Spain.
⁵⁶ Department of Social Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
⁵⁸ SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town &Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁵⁹ Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Science, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁶⁰ DATA Lab, International Institute for Advanced Studies in Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁶¹ Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexico.
⁶² Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

PMID: 40582274
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116605

Free article

Comorbidity and temporal associations between mental disorders among college students in the world mental health international college student initiative

Annelieke M Roest et al. Psychiatry Res. 2025 Sep.

Free article

. 2025 Sep:351:116605.

doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116605. Epub 2025 Jun 20.

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

¹ Department of Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands. Electronic address: a.m.roest@rug.nl.
² Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.
³ Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁴ Department of Health Care Policy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁵ Center for Global Mental Health Research, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico.
⁶ Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Medicine and Life Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
⁸ Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Department of Criminology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden.
¹⁰ Brain and Mind Institute &Medical College of East Africa, the Aga Khan University, Nairobi, Kenya.
¹¹ Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
¹² Department of Psychology & Counselling, Daystar University, Nairobi, Kenya.
¹³ Coordinación de Desarrollo Académico y Servicios Educativos, Universidad la Salle Ciudad Victoria, Ciudad Victoria, Mexico.
¹⁴ Hospital del Mar Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
¹⁵ Mental Health, Alcohol, Substance Use and Tobacco Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa.
¹⁶ Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
¹⁷ Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linkoping, Sweden.
¹⁸ Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
¹⁹ Center for Public Health Psychiatry, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KUL), Leuven, Belgium; Campus Gasthuisberg, Universitair Psychiatrisch Centrum KU Leuven (UPC-KUL), Leuven, Belgium.
²⁰ Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Unit of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, and FISABIO, Universitat Jaume I (UJI), Castelló de la Plana, Spain.
²¹ The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong SAR.
²² Career Counseling and Guidance Center, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
²³ Coordinación de Investigación, Universidad la Salle Noroeste, Ciudad Obregón, Mexico.
²⁴ Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile.
²⁵ Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Science, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands; DATA Lab, International Institute for Advanced Studies in Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
²⁶ DATA Lab, International Institute for Advanced Studies in Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Babeş-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
²⁷ JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
²⁸ School of Medicine and Health, Department for Sport and Health Sciences, Technical University Munich, Germany.
²⁹ Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile; Centro de Investigación en Salud Mental Estudiantil (ISME), Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
³⁰ Departamento de Medicina, Universitat Internacional de Catalunya (UIC), Barcelona, Spain.
³¹ Department of Psychology, University of the Balearic Islands (UIB), Palma Mallorca, Spain.
³² Universidad De La Salle Bajío, Campus Salamanca, Mexico.
³³ Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Deu, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Deu (IRSJD), Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
³⁴ School of Population Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.
³⁵ Mental Health, Alcohol, Substance Use and Tobacco Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Cape Town, South Africa; Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Durban, South Africa.
³⁶ Active Team, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, INSERM U1219, University of Bordeaux, France.
³⁷ Department of Alcohol and Drug Abuse Rehabilitation Services, Moi Teaching and Referral Hospital, Eldoret, Kenya.
³⁸ Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Psicología y Humanidades, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile.
³⁹ Dirección de Salud Mental, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile.
⁴⁰ School of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, Shandong Province, PR China.
⁴¹ Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile; Department of Health Service & Population Research, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
⁴² Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile; ChileCentro de Medicina Reproductiva y Desarrollo Integral del Adolescente (Cemera), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
⁴³ Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry, Londonderry, UK; Atlantic Technological University, Donegal, Ireland.
⁴⁴ Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila, Saltillo, Mexico.
⁴⁵ Personalised Medicine Centre, School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry, Londonderry, UK.
⁴⁶ Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya.
⁴⁷ Department of Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, University of Bucharest, Romania.
⁴⁸ Millennium Nucleus to Improve the Mental Health of Adolescents and Youths (Imhay), Santiago, Chile; Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile.
⁴⁹ School of Psychology, Ulster University, Coleraine, UK.
⁵⁰ Department of Health Psychology, Universidad Miguel Hernandez de Elche (UMH), Alacant, Spain.
⁵¹ Department of Human Sciences, 'Iuliu Hatieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁵² Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
⁵³ Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
⁵⁴ School of Psychology, Massey University, Wellington, New Zealand.
⁵⁵ Department of Psychology and Sociology, Universidad de Zaragoza (UNIZAR), Zaragoza, Spain.
⁵⁶ Department of Social Sciences, Sol Plaatje University, Kimberley, South Africa.
⁵⁷ Department of Psychology, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.
⁵⁸ SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, University of Cape Town &Neuroscience Institute, Cape Town, South Africa.
⁵⁹ Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Science, Department of Clinical, Neuro- and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
⁶⁰ DATA Lab, International Institute for Advanced Studies in Psychotherapy and Applied Mental Health, Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
⁶¹ Facultad de Ciencias Administrativas y Sociales, Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, Mexico.
⁶² Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Population and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.

PMID: 40582274
DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2025.116605

Abstract

Background: Mental disorders are highly prevalent among students worldwide. This study aims to examine comorbidity and temporal associations between mental disorders among students.

Methods: The study included 72,288 students from 18 countries as part of the World Mental Health International College Student (WMH-ICS) Initiative, with cross-sectional data collected between 2017 and 2023. Screening for common DSM-5 disorders was conducted using validated screening measures. Latent variables were examined using exploratory principal axis factor analysis on a correlation matrix among the lifetime mental disorders. Based on age-of-onset information, multivariable poisson regression models were used to examine associations of prior disorders with the first onset of other disorders.

Results: 27.0 % of students screened positive for only one lifetime disorder, 17.1 % for two, 10.9 % for three, and 10.6 % for 4+ disorders. In the factor analysis, three latent variables were found, comprising: internalizing disorders (generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive episode, post-traumatic stress disorder, and panic disorder), substance use disorders (drug use disorder and alcohol use disorder), and externalizing disorders (attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and mania/hypomania). Prior internalizing and externalizing disorders were associated with the subsequent first onset of all other disorders with risk ratios ranging from 1.5-7.5. Substance use disorders were less consistently associated with the subsequent first onset of other disorders, but alcohol use disorder was associated with the first onset of drug use disorder and vice versa.

Conclusions: Mental disorder comorbidity is common among students, and students with disorders across the internalizing and externalizing spectrum have an increased risk of future mental disorder comorbidities.

Keywords: College students; Comorbidity; Externalizing; Internalizing; Substance use disorders.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declaration of competing interest RB reports grant funding from Eli Lilly (IIT-H6U-BX-I002). DDE has served as a consultant to/on the scientific advisory boards of Sanofi, Novartis, Minddistrict, Lantern, Schoen Kliniken, Ideamed and German health insurance companies (BARMER, Techniker Krankenkasse) and a number of federal chambers for psychotherapy. He is also shareholder of "GET.ON Institut für Online Gesundheitstrainings GmbH für Gesundheitstrainings online GmbH" (HelloBetter), which aims to implement scientific findings related to digital health interventions into routine care. XH has received grants from Sexual Violence Research Institute, Volkswagen Foundation, Wellspring Philanthropies, Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (UK government), PANDA Holding Limited, National Research Foundation of South Africa, Center for Inclusive Policy. XH reports consulting fees from Mastercard Foundation, Missing Billion Initiative, UNICEF, International Food Policy Research Institute and the African Union. Hunt has received funding support to attend conferences from Mastercard Foundation and Charité University (Germany). MMH reports consulting fees from Child Mind Institute, New York. In the past 3 years, RCK was a consultant for Cambridge Health Alliance, Canandaigua VA Medical Center, Child Mind Institute, Holmusk, Massachusetts General Hospital, Partners Healthcare, Inc., RallyPoint Networks, Inc., Sage Therapeutics and University of North Carolina. He has stock options in Cerebral Inc., Mirah, PYM (Prepare Your Mind), Roga Sciences and Verisense Health. DJS has received consultancy honoraria from Discovery Vitality, Johnson & Johnson, Kanna, L’Oreal, Lundbeck, Orion, Servier, Seaport Therapeutics, Takeda, Vistagen, and Wellcome. DVV reports grant support from Health Canada, Canadian Institutes for Health Research, Provincial Health Services Authority and an internal research grant from the University of British Columbia. He received payments from the Canadian Ministry of Health and the Department of Interior Health for projects related to mental health service provision.

MeSH terms

Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions
Actions

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources
- ClinicalKey
- Elsevier Science
Medical
- MedlinePlus Consumer Health Information
- MedlinePlus Health Information

Save citation to file

Email citation

Add to Collections

Add to My Bibliography

Your saved search

Create a file for external citation management software

Your RSS Feed

Comorbidity and temporal associations between mental disorders among college students in the world mental health international college student initiative

Collaborators

Affiliations

Comorbidity and temporal associations between mental disorders among college students in the world mental health international college student initiative

Authors

Collaborators

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources

Full Text Sources

Medical