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. 2025 Jun 23:18:1481-1493.
doi: 10.2147/PRBM.S519632. eCollection 2025.

Intergenerational Transmission of Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Families: The Role of Mothers versus Fathers and Adolescent Perceptual Sensitivity

Kexin Sun #  1 , Xinting Zhang #  2 , Ping Li  1 , Cong Cao  1
Affiliations

Intergenerational Transmission of Depressive Symptoms in Chinese Families: The Role of Mothers versus Fathers and Adolescent Perceptual Sensitivity

Kexin Sun et al. Psychol Res Behav Manag. .

Abstract

Purpose: Depression is well-known to be transmitted across generations, whereas the focus has often been on mother-child dyads. Little is known about the role of fathers and some inherited temperaments of adolescents, especially in Chinese families. This study is the first to explore the moderated mediation transmission mechanism of depressive symptoms, in which (i) the role of fathers was compared to that of mothers, and (ii) how adolescent perceptual sensitivity worked was particularly elucidated.

Participants and methods: A total of 738 Chinese adolescents (M age = 12.80 ± 1.58 years; 47.2% girls) who were companied with one of their primary caregivers (mothers or fathers) were recruited, constituting two subsamples of mother-child (N = 508) versus father-child dyads (N = 230), respectively. Path models and the regions of significance approach were used to analyze the moderated mediation mechanisms.

Results: Mothers and fathers both transmitted depressive symptoms to adolescents via their rejection parenting (indirect effect = 0.14, SE = 0.02, p < 0.001). However, adolescent perceptual sensitivity moderated the second half path of this mediation pathway among mother-child dyads (b = 0.09, SE = 0.04, p = 0.011), but not among father-child dyads (b = -0.05, SE = 0.06, p = 0.348), and worked in a manner of diathesis-stress. Adolescent sex did not moderate this transmission mechanism (χ2 = 6.52, df = 3, p = 0.089).

Conclusion: These findings suggest similarities and differences in the roles of mothers and fathers in the transmission risk of depressive symptoms in contemporary Chinese families, and highlight a diathesis-stress like moderation effect of adolescent perceptual sensitivity.

Keywords: caregiver rejection; depressive symptoms; intergenerational transmission; mothers versus fathers; perceptual sensitivity.

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Conflict of interest statement

All authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1
Intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms: A hypothetical moderated mediation model.
Figure 2
Figure 2
The hypotheses of (a) diathesis-stress and (b) differential susceptibility.
Figure 3
Figure 3
Intergenerational transmission of depressive symptoms: The moderated mediation model.
Figure 4
Figure 4
The moderation effect of adolescent perceptual sensitivity on the link of maternal rejection and adolescent depressive symptoms.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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