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Review
. 2025 Jun;36(6):1163-1171.
doi: 10.1007/s00192-025-06206-x. Epub 2025 Jun 30.

Female Orgasmic Disorder: How Far We Have [Not] Come?

Rima Anggrena Dasrilsyah  1   2 , Reut Rotem  3   4 , Bobby O'Leary  5   3 , Claudine Domoney  6 , Barry O'Reilly  5   3
Affiliations
Review

Female Orgasmic Disorder: How Far We Have [Not] Come?

Rima Anggrena Dasrilsyah et al. Int Urogynecol J. 2025 Jun.

Abstract

Introduction and hypothesis: The female orgasm is a complex physiological and psychological response essential for sexual well-being and overall health. Historically misinterpreted, its significance is now better understood through modern research integrating neurobiological, hormonal, and psychological factors. Female orgasmic disorder (FOD), characterized by persistent difficulty in achieving orgasm, significantly affects emotional and relational well-being. This review summarizes current knowledge on the female orgasm, its dysfunction, and treatment modalities.

Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using MEDLINE/PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on studies published between 2000 and 2024. Keywords included "female orgasmic disorder," "female orgasm," "anorgasmia," and "female sexual dysfunction." After screening abstracts and full texts, 20 articles were included, supplemented by additional sources through reference review.

Results: The female orgasm involves interplay between anatomical structures such as the clitoris, vagina, and pelvic floor muscles, as well as neural pathways and hormonal interactions. FOD is classified as primary (lifelong) or secondary (acquired) and is influenced by psychosocial, relational, and medical factors. Treatment options include cognitive-behavioral therapy, directed masturbation, pelvic floor muscle training, pharmacological interventions such as sildenafil, bupropion, or hormonal therapy, mechanical devices, and emerging regenerative therapies such as platelet-rich plasma and stem cell treatments.

Conclusions: Understanding the female orgasm and its dysfunction is essential for improving sexual health care. A biopsychosocial approach that integrates personalized, patient-centered treatments can enhance outcomes. Future research should focus on refining therapeutic strategies and expanding knowledge on novel interventions.

Keywords: Anorgasmia; Female orgasm; Female orgasmic disorder; Female sexual dysfunction; Orgasm.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval: Owing to the nature of this manuscript, ethics approval is not required. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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