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. 2025 Jun 30:1-9.
doi: 10.1159/000547175. Online ahead of print.

Respiratory Burden in Hematology-Related Bronchiectasis: Clinical Characteristics and Treatable Traits

Ophir Freund  1   2 , Ori Wand  3 , Yitzhac Hadad  2   4 , Anne Bergeron  5 , Sabrina Fried  1   2 , Gidon Pomerantz  1   2 , Avshalom Shaffer  1   2 , Keren Cohen-Hagai  2   6 , Alexandra Osadchy  2   7 , Dolev Paz  1   2 , Nevo Barel  2   8 , Evgeni Gershman  1   2 , Odelia Amit  2   9 , Ron Ram  2   9 , Amir Bar-Shai  1   2
Affiliations

Respiratory Burden in Hematology-Related Bronchiectasis: Clinical Characteristics and Treatable Traits

Ophir Freund et al. Respiration. .

Abstract

Introduction: Hematological conditions, mainly allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), have known associations with bronchiectasis. However, data on these unique clinical entities remain limited. We aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with hematology-related bronchiectasis.

Methods: This retrospective study included patients with bronchiectasis following allo-HCT and CLL. Groups were matched and compared to a control group of bronchiectasis from non-hematological conditions (n = 126). Clinical variables, radiologic features, and disease outcomes were analyzed.

Results: Overall, 42 patients with bronchiectasis after allo-HCT (median age 59, 36% female) and 63 patients with bronchiectasis and CLL (median age 72, 40% female) were included. Both groups exhibited worse lung functions compared to the control. They had more isolations of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) compared to the control group (21-31% vs. 9%) and less non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (3-5% vs. 21%). Allo-HCT and CLL patients also showed high rates of diffuse bronchiectasis distribution (38% and 40%), hypogammaglobulinemia (41% and 71%), and 1-year respiratory hospitalizations (50% and 54%). Only 26% of allo-HCT and 35% of CLL patients saw a pulmonologist, and only 14% performed routine airway clearance. Mortality was higher in both groups compared to controls. The key variables associated with mortality were bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome in the allo-HCT group (HR 11.1, 95% CI: 2.9-30.6) and PA isolation in the CLL group (HR 2.96, 95% CI: 1.3-6.8).

Conclusion: Hematology-related BE have distinct clinical and radiologic features with associated morbidity. These findings could help identify at-risk subgroups for early pulmonologist referral.

Keywords: Bone marrow transplantation; Bronchiectasis; Immunoglobulin; Leukemia; Pseudomonas; Pulmonologists.

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Conflict of interest statement

A.B.-S. reports receiving consulting and lecture fees from Boehringer Ingelheim Ltd., GSK, AstraZeneca, Sanofi- Regeneron, Kamada Ltd., and Roche. All other authors report no conflict of interests.

Figures

Fig. 1.
Fig. 1.
Kaplan-Meier curve of 3-year survival analysis between the allo-HCT group, CLL group, and control (non-hemato) group. Allo-HCT, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; non-hemato, no hematological disorder.
Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
Kaplan-Meier curve of 3-year survival analysis in a subgroup of allo-HCT patients without BOS. Allo-HCT, allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation; BOS, bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome; CLL, chronic lymphocytic leukemia; non-hemato, no hematological disorder.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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