International partnership for governing generative artificial intelligence models in medicine

Jasmine Chiat Ling Ong^{1

2}, Yilin Ning^{2

3}, Gary S Collins⁴, Danielle S Bitterman^{5

6}, Ashley N Beecy^{7

8}, Robert T Chang^{9

10}, Alastair K Denniston^{11

12}, Oscar Freyer¹³, Stephen Gilbert¹³, Anne de Hond¹⁴, Artuur M Leeuwenberg¹⁴, Liang Zhao¹⁵, John C W Lim^{16

17}, Mingxuan Liu^{2

3}, Xiaoxuan Liu¹¹, Christopher A Longhurst^{18

19}, Yian Ma^{2

3}, Yue Qiu²⁰, Rupa Sarkar²¹, Bin Sheng^{22

23}, Kuldev Singh^{9

10}, Iris Siu Kwan Tan²⁴, Yih Chung Tham^{25

26

27

28}, Arun J Thirunavukarasu²⁹, Daniel Shu Wei Ting^{10

24

25}, Silke Vogel^{16

30}, Rui Zhang^{31

32}, Jianfei Zhao^{33

34}, Wendy W Chapman³⁵, Nigam H Shah^{9

36

37}, Karel G M Moons¹⁴, Tien Yin Wong^{38

39

40}, Nan Liu^{41

42

43

44

45}

Affiliations

¹ Division of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
² Duke-NUS AI + Medical Sciences Initiative, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
³ Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
⁴ UK EQUATOR Centre, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁵ Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) Program, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶ Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷ Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁸ Information Technology Data Science, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
⁹ Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
¹⁰ Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
¹¹ College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
¹² University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
¹³ Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
¹⁴ Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
¹⁵ Department of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
¹⁶ Centre of Regulatory Excellence, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
¹⁷ SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
¹⁸ Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
²⁰ Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
²¹ The Lancet Group, London, UK.
²² Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
²³ MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
²⁴ Artificial Intelligence Office, Singapore Health Services, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁵ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁷ Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁸ Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁹ Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³⁰ Graduate Studies Department, Office of Education, Duke-NUS medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
³¹ Division of Computational Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
³² Center for Learning Health System Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
³³ NEJM AI, Boston, MA, USA.
³⁴ Jiahui Medical Research and Education, Shanghai, China.
³⁵ Centre for Digital Transformation of Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
³⁶ Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
³⁷ Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
³⁸ Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
³⁹ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁴⁰ Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁴¹ Duke-NUS AI + Medical Sciences Initiative, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg.
⁴² Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg.
⁴³ Pre-hospital & Emergency Research Centre, Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg.
⁴⁴ NUS Artificial Intelligence Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg.
⁴⁵ Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg.

PMID: 40588674
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03787-4

International partnership for governing generative artificial intelligence models in medicine

Jasmine Chiat Ling Ong et al. Nat Med. 2025 Sep.

. 2025 Sep;31(9):2836-2839.

doi: 10.1038/s41591-025-03787-4.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Division of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.
² Duke-NUS AI + Medical Sciences Initiative, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
³ Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
⁴ UK EQUATOR Centre, Centre for Statistics in Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
⁵ Artificial Intelligence in Medicine (AIM) Program, Mass General Brigham, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
⁶ Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
⁷ Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
⁸ Information Technology Data Science, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA.
⁹ Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
¹⁰ Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
¹¹ College of Medicine and Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.
¹² University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.
¹³ Else Kröner Fresenius Center for Digital Health, TUD Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany.
¹⁴ Julius Centre for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands.
¹⁵ Department of Pharmacy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
¹⁶ Centre of Regulatory Excellence, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
¹⁷ SingHealth Duke-NUS Global Health Institute, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
¹⁸ Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
¹⁹ Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
²⁰ Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
²¹ The Lancet Group, London, UK.
²² Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
²³ MOE Key Laboratory of AI, School of Electronic, Information, and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
²⁴ Artificial Intelligence Office, Singapore Health Services, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁵ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁶ Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁷ Centre for Innovation and Precision Eye Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁸ Ophthalmology and Visual Science Academic Clinical Program (Eye ACP), Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
²⁹ Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
³⁰ Graduate Studies Department, Office of Education, Duke-NUS medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
³¹ Division of Computational Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
³² Center for Learning Health System Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
³³ NEJM AI, Boston, MA, USA.
³⁴ Jiahui Medical Research and Education, Shanghai, China.
³⁵ Centre for Digital Transformation of Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
³⁶ Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
³⁷ Clinical Excellence Research Center, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
³⁸ Tsinghua Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
³⁹ Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁴⁰ Beijing Visual Science and Translational Eye Research Institute (BERI), School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, Beijing, China. wongtienyin@tsinghua.edu.cn.
⁴¹ Duke-NUS AI + Medical Sciences Initiative, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg.
⁴² Centre for Quantitative Medicine, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg.
⁴³ Pre-hospital & Emergency Research Centre, Health Services and Systems Research, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg.
⁴⁴ NUS Artificial Intelligence Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg.
⁴⁵ Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA. liu.nan@duke-nus.edu.sg.

PMID: 40588674
DOI: 10.1038/s41591-025-03787-4

No abstract available

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Conflict of interest statement

Competing interests: O.F. has a leadership role and holds stock in WhalesDontFly GmbH and has had consulting relationships with Prova Health Ltd; S.G. is an advisory group member of the Ernst & Young-coordinated ‘Study on Regulatory Governance and Innovation in the field of Medical Devices’ conducted on behalf of the Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety of the European Commission. S.G. has or has had consulting relationships with Una Health GmbH, Lindus Health Ltd, Flo Ltd, Thymia Ltd, FORUM Institut für Management GmbH, High-Tech Gründerfonds Management GmbH, and Ada Health GmbH, and he holds share options in Ada Health GmbH; D.S.B. is an associate editor of Radiation Oncology, HemOnc.org (no financial compensation), associate editor at JCO Clinical Cancer Information, performs advisory and consulting work (unrelated to this paper) at MercurialAI. All other authors declare no relevant conflicts of interest.

References

1. Ong, J. et al. Lancet Digit. Health 6, e428–e432 (2024). - PubMed
1. Sheng, B. et al. Nat. Biomed. Eng 9, 443–444 (2025). - PubMed
1. Gallifant, J. et al. Nat. Med. 31, 60–69 (2025). - PubMed - PMC
1. Ning, Y. et al. Lancet Digit. Health 6, e848–e856 (2024). - PubMed - PMC
1. Lekadir, K. et al. BMJ 388, e081554 (2025). - PubMed - PMC

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International partnership for governing generative artificial intelligence models in medicine

Affiliations

International partnership for governing generative artificial intelligence models in medicine

Authors

Affiliations

Conflict of interest statement

References

Publication types

LinkOut - more resources

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