Early Stages of Automated Insulin Delivery

Howard Zisser¹, Roman Hovorka², Ananda Basu³, Tadej Battelino⁴, Charlotte K Boughton⁵, Marc D Breton⁶, Bruce A Buckingham⁷, Sue A Brown^{6

8}, Daniel R Cherñavvsky⁶, Eyal Dassau⁹, Mark D DeBoer⁶, Francis J Doyle 3rd¹⁰, Laya Ekhlaspour¹¹, Chiara Fabris⁶, Gregory P Forlenza¹², Ahmad Haidar¹³, David C Klonoff¹⁴, Boris Kovatchev⁶, Aaron J Kowalski¹⁵, Carol J Levy¹⁶, Yogish C Kudva¹⁷, David M Maahs⁷, Moshe Phillip¹⁸, Eric Renard¹⁹, Steven J Russell^{20

21}, Viral N Shah^{22

23}, Garry M Steil^{20

24}, R Paul Wadwa²⁵, Stuart A Weinzimer²⁶

Affiliations

¹ Independent Researcher, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
² University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
³ UAB Diabetes Technology Program, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
⁴ Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁵ Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁶ Center for Diabetes Technology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
⁷ Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁸ Division of Endocrinology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
⁹ Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁰ School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
¹¹ Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
¹² Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
¹³ Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
¹⁴ Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA.
¹⁵ Breakthrough T1D, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁶ Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁷ College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
¹⁸ Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.
¹⁹ Institute of Functional Genmics, Montpellier University Hospital, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
²⁰ Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
²¹ Beta Bionics, Inc, Irvine, CA, USA.
²² Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
²³ Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
²⁴ Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁵ Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
²⁶ School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

PMID: 40590745
DOI: 10.1089/dia.2025.18802.hz

Free article

Review

Early Stages of Automated Insulin Delivery

Howard Zisser et al. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2025 Jul.

Free article

. 2025 Jul;27(S3):S33-S47.

doi: 10.1089/dia.2025.18802.hz.

Authors

Affiliations

¹ Independent Researcher, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
² University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
³ UAB Diabetes Technology Program, The University of Alabama, Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
⁴ Faculty of Medicine, University Medical Center Ljubljana, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
⁵ Institute of Metabolic Science-Metabolic Research Laboratories, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
⁶ Center for Diabetes Technology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
⁷ Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
⁸ Division of Endocrinology, The University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
⁹ Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
¹⁰ School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
¹¹ Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
¹² Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
¹³ Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
¹⁴ Diabetes Research Institute, Mills-Peninsula Medical Center, San Mateo, CA, USA.
¹⁵ Breakthrough T1D, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁶ Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
¹⁷ College of Medicine and Science, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
¹⁸ Jesse Z and Sara Lea Shafer Institute for Endocrinology and Diabetes, National Center for Childhood Diabetes, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.
¹⁹ Institute of Functional Genmics, Montpellier University Hospital, CNRS, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
²⁰ Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
²¹ Beta Bionics, Inc, Irvine, CA, USA.
²² Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
²³ Center for Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
²⁴ Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
²⁵ Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
²⁶ School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA.

PMID: 40590745
DOI: 10.1089/dia.2025.18802.hz

Abstract

The development of automated insulin delivery systems has seen tremendous improvements from individual components to interoperable system combinations of devices and new drugs besides insulin. The components have become progressively smaller, more accurate, and more user friendly. This article summarizes the history of the artificial pancreas from the earliest concepts to fully functional systems to research into further improvements in the future. The authors include many of the developers of this technology who received research support from the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases at various stages to develop these systems.

Keywords: AID; NIDDK; artificial pancreas; automated insulin delivery.

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Early Stages of Automated Insulin Delivery

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Early Stages of Automated Insulin Delivery

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Medical