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. 2025 Jul 1;15(1):21236.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-03876-x.

Study on the adsorption of Pb2+ in aqueous solution by alkali modified wheat bran

Jianling Xu  1   2   3 , Xinyu Wang  4 , Wenjing Kang  4 , Wenqiu Zhang  5
Affiliations

Study on the adsorption of Pb2+ in aqueous solution by alkali modified wheat bran

Jianling Xu et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

Due to human activities such as mining, metal smelting, and sewage irrigation, a significant amount of heavy metals have entered the environment, exacerbating the problem of heavy metal pollution in water bodies. The study of rapid adsorption and removal of lead is particularly critical due to its slow degradation and severe environmental impact. In this study, wheat bran was utilized as an adsorbent and modified using a sodium hydroxide solution. Kinetic and equilibrium adsorption studies were conducted to evaluate the adsorption performance of alkali modified wheat bran on lead ions in water. The adsorption behavior and mechanism of alkali modified wheat bran on Pb2+ were analyzed from three perspectives: time, concentration, and pH, in conjunction with surface functional groups and microscopic characteristics. The results indicated that the adsorption capacity of alkali modified wheat bran was achieved at pH 4, a concentration of 100 mg/L, and an duration of approximately 120 min. Experimental data shows that at about 120 min, its adsorption efficiency reaches its peak at 81.74%. The fitting results of the adsorption kinetics model and isothermal adsorption model indicate that the adsorption of modified wheat bran is characterized by single-layer chemical adsorption; The alkaline modification treatment increased the porosity of the surface pores of wheat bran, resulting in a rougher surface and an enhanced adsorption area. Furthermore, post-modification, the wheat bran exhibited increased C-H and C = O functional groups, thereby improving the adsorption of Pb2+.

Keywords: Adsorption; Alkali modification; Lead ion; Wheat Bran.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
The effect of time on adsorption efficiency.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Fitting curve of quasi first order dynamic model (a) Fitting curve of quasi second order dynamic model (b).
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
The effect of solution concentration on Pb2+ adsorption at 25°C(a) and 35°C(b).
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Langmuir isotherm adsorption model fitting curve at 25 °C (a) and 35 °C (b).
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Freundlich isotherm adsorption model fitting curve at 25 °C (a) and 35 °C (b).
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
The Effect of pH on the Adsorption of Pb2+.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Scanning electron microscopy images of wheat bran before and after modification.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
FTIR spectra of wheat bran before and after modification.
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