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. 2025 Jul 1;15(1):21039.
doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-05174-y.

A compact dual-band reconfigurable antenna with metamaterial for IoT applications

Abdullah Hasan Ali  1 , Jamal Mohammed Rasool  2 , Ali Kadhum Abd  2 , Md Shabiul Islam  3   4 , Mohamed Ouda  5 , Mohamad A Alawad  6 , Mohammad Tariqul Islam  7
Affiliations

A compact dual-band reconfigurable antenna with metamaterial for IoT applications

Abdullah Hasan Ali et al. Sci Rep. .

Abstract

This study presents a compact antenna designed for Internet of Things (IoT) applications, utilizing advanced wireless communication technologies. The antenna is designed to operate at dual frequencies (2.4 GHz and 6.04 GHz) with 12 multipath T-structured metamaterials. In Mode 1 (D1 OFF), the antenna operates at 2.4 GHz with a bandwidth of 80 MHz (2.36-2.44 GHz). In Mode 2 (D1 ON), it functions at 6.04 GHz with a bandwidth of 300 MHz (5.9-6.2 GHz). The design employs a commercially available FR-4 substrate with a relative permittivity of 4.3 and a loss tangent of 0.025, all within a compact size of (0.16λ₀ × 0.12λ₀ × 0.0112λ₀). The antenna radiator integrates a single PIN diode (SMP1340-079LF) along with a complete biasing circuit to achieve reconfigurability. The proposed design overcomes the conventional limitations by integrating T-structured metamaterials to achieve dual-band operation in a compact size. This antenna is ideal for wireless communication applications due to its manufacturability, enhanced gain, and low return loss. It is well suited for widely used frequency ranges, including Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. The results demonstrate that a miniaturized antenna with excellent efficiency has achieved, making it a promising solution for next-generation IoT devices.

Keywords: Dual-band; Internet of Things; Metamaterial; Positive intrinsic negative diode; Reconfigurable; Unit cell.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
(a) Multi-path T-structured unit cell (b) Material properties (c) Unit cell absorber.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Geometry of the suggested antenna.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Mode 2 (a) Lg = 8.2, (b) L1 = 8.4 mm.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
A PIN diode’s equivalent circuits and its CST model.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
(a), (b), VSWR of the suggested antenna in various modes of operation.
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
(a), (b), Practical result of the two modes.
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Biasing circuit and antenna proposed.
Fig. 8
Fig. 8
The Radiation pattern in the E-plane and H-plane. (a) 2.4 GHz, (b) 6.04 GHz.
Fig. 9
Fig. 9
Gain and efficiency pattern at frequencies (a), MODE 1(2.4 GHz), (b) MODE 2 (6.04 GHz).
Fig. 10
Fig. 10
Distribution of current (a) at 2.4 GHz (b) at 6.04 GHz.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

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    1. Azim, R., Islam, M. T. & Mobashsher, A. T. Design of a dual band-notch UWB slot antenna by means of simple parasitic slits. IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett.12, 1412–1415 (2013).
    1. Abd, A. K. & Rasool, J. M. Octa-band reconfigurable monopole antenna frequency diversity 5G wireless. Int. J. Electr. Comput. Eng.13(2), 1606–1617 (2023).
    1. Colaco, J. & Lohani, R. Design and implementation of microstrip circular patch antenna for 5G applications. In 2020 International Conference on Electrical, Communication, and Computer Engineering (ICECCE) 1–4. (IEEE, 2020).
    1. Sharma, B. L., Mathur, D. & Sharma, M. K. SIW-cavity based frequency reconfigurable antenna for IoT, WLAN, and 5G applications. Frequenz77(7–8), 413–424 (2023).

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