Multiple anthelmintic drug resistance in the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum: AAVP position paper and research needs

Abstract

Cases of infection with the canine hookworm Ancylostoma caninum that are resistant to all anthelmintic classes registered in the United States of America (USA) for control of this parasite in dogs were first reported in 2019. Termed Multiple Anthelmintic Drug Resistance (MADR), cases have subsequently been reported in pet dogs across the USA. Recent studies using molecular tests that detect mutations known to cause resistance to benzimidazole anthelmintics have revealed an alarming frequency of this trait in pet dogs throughout the USA, with some reports also from Canada. Since the initial reports in the USA that dog hookworms resistant to benzimidazoles were also resistant to pyrantel and macrocyclic lactones, this genetic evidence suggests that MADR worms are now widely present in the USA. The trait originally evolved on greyhound farms and kennels. However, the problem is no longer limited to greyhounds; recent studies have demonstrated that essentially any breed, age, size and sex of dogs throughout the USA can get infected with drug-resistant and possibly MADR isolates of A. caninum. In this perspective, we review current knowledge of the origin of MADR canine hookworms, tests available to diagnose MADR hookworms, and therapeutic options for treating dogs with such cases. Additionally, we propose research priorities for developing a deeper understanding of the biology of MADR worms, as well as for developing new therapeutic options to address the problem. Adding to the urgency of the situation, A. caninum is a zoonotic parasite, capable of causing disease in humans.

Keywords: Ancylostoma caninum; Anthelmintic resistance; Benzimidazoles; Canine hookworms; Cutaneous Larva Migrans (CLM); Macrocyclic lactones; Tetrahydropyrimidines; Zoonosis.