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Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Jul 1;25(1):883.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11265-y.

Toxoplasmosis landscape: a systematic review and meta-analysis of seroprevalence in healthy and non-healthy individuals in Sudan (1990-2025)

Abdullah Mohammed  1 , Nasir Ibrahim  2 , Musa Ahmed  3
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Toxoplasmosis landscape: a systematic review and meta-analysis of seroprevalence in healthy and non-healthy individuals in Sudan (1990-2025)

Abdullah Mohammed et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Human toxoplasmosis is a widespread zoonotic infection with significant public health implications, particularly in Sudan, where the disease burden is high. However, the overall prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the country remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the pooled seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis in Sudan and identify associated risk factors.

Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in English and Arabic databases for studies published before February 28, 2025, following PRISMA guidelines. The meta-analysis included 60 studies with 10,866 participants from different regions of Sudan.

Results: The pooled seroprevalence of human toxoplasmosis was 36% (95% CI: 31-41%), with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 97.29%, P < 0.0001). Hemodialysis patients exhibited the highest prevalence (56%), followed by women of childbearing age (48%) and HIV patients (42%). Geographically, northern Sudan had the highest prevalence (46%), while western Sudan had the lowest (17%). The latex agglutination test (LAT) was the most frequently used diagnostic method (56.7% of cases). Temporal analysis suggested that the prevalence of toxoplasmosis has slightly declined in recent years, likely due to improved hygiene, sanitation, and increased use of antiparasitic treatments.

Conclusion: Toxoplasmosis remains highly endemic in Sudan, with certain groups-including males, hemodialysis patients, women of childbearing age, HIV patients, and workers exposed to animals-at heightened risk. Targeted public health interventions are necessary to reduce the disease burden among high-risk populations.

Keywords: Human toxoplasmosis; Meta-analysis; Seroprevalence; Sudan; Systematic review.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Flow diagram of the studies included in this meta-analysis
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Forest plot (random-effects model) for the pooled prevalence of human toxoplasmosis in Sudan
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Forest plot (random-effects model) for the pooled prevalence of human toxoplasmosis in Sudan based on gender
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Correlation of prevalence of human toxoplasmosis based on linear model regression; A Study group, B study region, C study year/s, D diagnostic method, and E diagnostic target
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Funnel plot for assessing publication bias in the pool prevalence of human toxoplasmosis in Sudan
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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