Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jul 1;25(1):947.
doi: 10.1186/s12909-025-07498-9.

Diversity and equity in medical education over the past decade: applications, matriculations, and the growing gaps

Gang Lv  1 , Xiangxiang Jiang  2 , Jordan Franklin  2 , Minghui Li  3 , Jing Yuan  4 , Z Kevin Lu  5
Affiliations

Diversity and equity in medical education over the past decade: applications, matriculations, and the growing gaps

Gang Lv et al. BMC Med Educ. .

Abstract

Background: Diversity and race-concordant relationships contribute to improved patient experiences and outcomes. In contrast, the representation of underrepresented in medicine (URiM) individuals in different medical specialties is declining. The essential pathway to improving diversity within the future workforce centers around the inclusion of a diverse cohort of medical students. We aimed to examine the diversity of medical school applications and admissions across sex, race and ethnicity over the past decade.

Methods: This study used data from the Association of American Medical Colleges from 2015 to 2024. URiM individuals refer to minority populations that are underrepresented in the medical profession, including Black, Hispanic, American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN), and Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (NHPI). Diversity representation was measured using the representation index.

Results: There was an increasing trend in medical school applicants among females but a decreasing trend among males. The number of Asian female applicants increased significantly (51.33%), while the numbers of Black (29.74%) and Hispanic (14.98%) female applicants also showed notable upward trends. Matriculation rates for Black females (mean: 33.64%; SD: 2.28%) and overall URiM females (mean: 35.94%; SD: 2.02%) have consistently remained below White females (mean: 44.22%; SD: 2.66%), Asian females (mean: 43.57%; SD: 2.59%), and the national average for females (mean: 40.96%; SD: 2.05%) over the past decade. The findings indicate that all racial and ethnic groups were underrepresented among both applicants and matriculants over the last decade, with the exception of Asian individuals. The representation index between matriculants and applicants among Black females (-1.46 vs. -1.19; P < 0.001) is widening, which may help explain the underrepresentation discrepancy for overall URiM females (-2.09 vs. -1.83; P < 0.001).

Conclusion: This study highlights both progress and persistent challenges in achieving racial and ethnic diversity in U.S. medical education. While female and URiM applicant numbers have increased, matriculation disparities remain, especially among Black and URiM females. The widening representation gap between applicants and matriculants underscores structural barriers that continue to hinder equity in medical school admissions. A more inclusive physician workforce should begin with meaningful reform in how future doctors are recruited, supported, and selected.

Keywords: Disparity; Diversity; Matriculation; Medical school applications and admissions.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The University of Tennessee Health Science Center institutional review board reviewed the study protocol and granted an exemption from full review. Informed patient consent was also waived because the study was a secondary analysis of deidentified data. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Trends in the numbers of applicants by sex, race and ethnicity. URiM: underrepresented in medicine
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Trends in matriculation rates by sex, race and ethnicity. URiM: underrepresented in medicine
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Trends in the diversity representation in sex, race and ethnicity compared with the U.S. Census. URiM: underrepresented in medicine. Representation index > 1 indicates overrepresentation; Representation index < −1 indicates underrepresentation
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Schoenthaler A, Ravenell J. Understanding the Patient Experience Through the Lenses of Racial/Ethnic and Gender Patient-Physician Concordance. JAMA Netw Open. Nov 2 2020;3(11):e2025349. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Unique Populations. Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC). Accessed April 11, 2025. https://www.aamc.org/career-development/affinity-groups/gfa/unique-popul...
    1. Lett E, Orji WU, Sebro R. Declining racial and ethnic representation in clinical academic medicine: a longitudinal study of 16 US medical specialties. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(11):e0207274. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Page S. The Difference -- a book by Scott Page. Accessed April 11, 2025. https://www.stevedenning.com/radical-management/the-difference-by-scott-...
    1. Diversity in Medicine: Facts and Figures 2019.https://www.aamc.org/data-reports/workforce/report/diversity-medicine-fa...

MeSH terms

LinkOut - more resources