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Randomized Controlled Trial
. 2025 Jul 1;24(1):205.
doi: 10.1186/s12936-025-05412-8.

Assessing the community-level impact of group antenatal care on uptake of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy in Atlantique Department, Benin, 2021-2023: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Julie R Gutman  1 , Faustin Onikpo  2 , Manzidatou Alao  2 , Julie Niemczura  3 , Stephanie Suhowatsky  4 , Julie Buekens  3 , Marie Adeyemi  2 , Katherine Wolf  4 , Catherine Dentinger  5 , Alexandre Binazon  2 , Audrey S Eunice Amoussou  2 , Odette Aimée Alihounou  2 , Courtney Emerson  5 , Ahmed Saadani Hassani  6 , Houetohossou Camille  7 , Cyriaque D Affoukou  7 , Peter J Winch  8 , Aurore Ogouyèmi-Hounto  9
Affiliations
Randomized Controlled Trial

Assessing the community-level impact of group antenatal care on uptake of intermittent preventive treatment for malaria in pregnancy in Atlantique Department, Benin, 2021-2023: a cluster randomized controlled trial

Julie R Gutman et al. Malar J. .

Abstract

Background: In 2023, an estimated 36 million pregnancies occurred in malaria endemic sub-Saharan Africa, but only 44% received the WHO recommended ≥ 3 doses of intermittent preventive treatment (IPTp3). Group Antenatal Care (G-ANC) is a service delivery model associated with higher quality of and greater retention in ANC, in which pregnant women are enrolled into groups at their first ANC visit and subsequent care is provided in groups. A cluster-randomized controlled trial was conducted in Atlantique Department, Benin, to assess whether G-ANC improved ANC retention and IPTp3 uptake at community level.

Methods: Forty purposively selected health facilities (HF) were randomized 1:1 to control (individual ANC) or G-ANC. Cross-sectional household surveys to measure uptake of ANC and IPTp were conducted in each HF catchment area before and after implementation among randomly selected women who had given birth in the previous 12 months. Changes in coverage were assessed using a difference-in-difference approach, adjusting for HF clustering.

Results: At baseline (N = 1259), coverage of at least 4 ANC visits (ANC4) and IPTp3 was 52.8% and 48.0%, respectively, in the intervention catchment, and 44.9% and 49.4% in the control catchment. Coverage of ANC4 improved in both arms by endline (N = 1280), to 56.7% in the intervention and 46.1% in the control, but the difference in the increase was not significant between arms (p = 0.51). Coverage of IPTp3 increased non-significantly (p = 0.26), to 53.2% (intervention) and 49.7% (control). Overall, only 140 (10.6%) surveyed women reported participating in G-ANC. Participation improved coverage of both ANC4 (65.0% vs 50.5%, p = 0.002; odds ratio (OR) 1.9, 95% CI 1.4-2.5) and IPTp3 (64.0 vs 50.6%, p = 0.004; OR = 1.8, 95% CI 1.2-2.6).

Conclusions: G-ANC increased ANC attendance and IPTp3 uptake among women who participated, but participation was limited. Understanding and addressing the barriers to participation is critical if G-ANC is to be used more widely to increase IPTp coverage.

Trial registration: PACTR202405487752509.

Keywords: Antenatal care; Benin; Group ANC; Malaria; Pregnancy; Prevention.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was reviewed and approved by the Comité National pour l'Ethique de la recherche en santé (National Ethics Committee for Research in Health) in Benin and by the U.S. CDC Institutional Review Board prior to implementation of study activities. Community sensitization ensured that local leaders and community members were informed about the study. HZ officials and facility in-charges provided permission for study activities in each health centre. Signed informed consent was obtained from each person prior to their participation in G-ANC, surveys, or semi-structured interviews. Patients or the public were not involved in the design, conduct, reporting, or dissemination plans of this research. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

References

    1. WHO. World malaria report 2024: addressing inequity in the global malaria response. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024.
    1. WHO. Guidelines for malaria - 14 March 2023. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2023.
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    1. Roman E, Andrejko K, Wolf K, Henry M, Youll S, Florey L, et al. Determinants of uptake of intermittent preventive treatment during pregnancy: a review. Malar J. 2019;18:372. - PMC - PubMed

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