Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
Meta-Analysis
. 2025 Jul 1;25(1):850.
doi: 10.1186/s12879-025-11212-x.

Prevalence of chronic kidney diseases among people living with HIV in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Bruktawit Eshetu  1 , Alemu Gedefie  2 , Zewudu Mulatie  2 , Ermiyas Alemayehu  2 , Melaku Ashagrie Belete  2 , Saba Gebremichael Tekele  2 , Daniel Gebretsadik Weldehanna  2 , Hussen Ebrahim  2 , Mihret Tilahun  2 , Habtu Debash  2 , Agumas Shibabew  2 , Ousman Mohammed  2
Affiliations
Meta-Analysis

Prevalence of chronic kidney diseases among people living with HIV in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Bruktawit Eshetu et al. BMC Infect Dis. .

Abstract

Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a common condition among people living with HIV worldwide, but it is more common in patients from Africa. Both opportunistic infections and chronic illnesses are responsible for a large proportion of people living with HIV in low-resource settings like Ethiopia, which are linked to higher rates of morbidity and mortality. Further, as CKD is acknowledged as a major global public health issue affecting productivity, health, and healthcare costs, the goal of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to ascertain the pooled prevalence of CKD among people living with HIV in Ethiopia.

Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis criteria were followed by us when we carried out a systematic review and meta-analysis. Electronic databases like PubMed, Google Scholar, African Journal Online, Science Direct, Embase, Research Gate, Scopus, and Web of Sciences were searched in order to find pertinent articles. Domain-based assessment was used to evaluate the listed studies' quality. Stata version 14.0 software was used to conduct the statistical analysis. We used the Cochran's Q test and I2 statistics to assess heterogeneity. Using Egger's test and a funnel plot analysis, publication bias was evaluated. Using a random effect model, the pooled prevalence was calculated. Sub-group and sensitivity studies were also carried out.

Results: This systematic review and meta-analysis included 12 articles from Ethiopia, and 3364 People living with HIV were included. The overall pooled prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) among People living with HIV in Ethiopia was 18.10% (95% CI: 14.17-22.03). According to the CKD calculation, the pooled prevalence of CKD was 18.06 (95% CI: 10.62-25.49) by using the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula and 18.38 (95% CI: 15.75-21.02) by using the Modification of Diet in Renal Diseases (MDRD) formula. Using random-effect model, the I2 test result showed high heterogeneity I2 = 89.7% and P < 0.001. Additionally, Egger's test of publication bias P-value was 0.017.

Conclusion: People living with HIV had a high prevalence of CKD, according to this systematic review and meta-analysis. Consequently, frequent CKD diagnosis at baseline, antiretroviral therapy follow-up and screening improves the quality of life for People living with HIV.

Systematic review registration: PROSPERO (2023: CRD42023431245).

Keywords: Chronic kidney disease; Ethiopia; Meta-analysis; People living with HIV; Prevalence; Systematic review.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval and consent to participate are not required because this is a systematic review and meta-analysis that does not involve human or animal experiments. This review was conducted in accordance with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki (World Medical Association, 2013). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Risk bias assessment of included study
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Flow diagram of the included studies for the systematic review and meta-analysis
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Forest plot showing the pooled prevalence of CKD among People living with HIV in Ethiopia from random-effect model analysis
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Forest plot showing the pooled prevalence of CKD by Age groups of study participants
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Forest plot showing the pooled prevalence of CKD by Study design
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Forest plot showing the pooled prevalence of CKD by Creatinine based equation
Fig. 7
Fig. 7
Funnel plot on the prevalence of CKD among People living with HIV in Ethiopia
See this image and copyright information in PMC

Similar articles

See all similar articles

References

    1. Animaw Z, Walle Ayehu G, Abdu H. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and associated factors among patients with chronic illness in Ethiopia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. SAGE open medicine. 2022;10:20503121221089440. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lv J-C, Zhang L-X. Prevalence and disease burden of chronic kidney disease. Renal fibrosis: mechanisms and therapies. 2019:1165:3–15. - PubMed
    1. Deribew A, Biadgilign S, Deribe K, Dejene T, Tessema GA, Melaku YA, et al. The burden of HIV/AIDS in Ethiopia from 1990 to 2016: evidence from the global burden of diseases 2016 study. Ethiopian journal of health sciences. 2019;29(1):859-68. - PMC - PubMed
    1. Baynes HW, Negash M, Geremew D, Getaneh Z. Chronic kidney disease among human immunodeficiency virus positive patients on antiretroviral therapy in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Saudi Journal of Kidney Diseases and Transplantation. 2019;30(6):1190–200. - PubMed
    1. Shah AS, Stelzle D, Lee KK, Beck EJ, Alam S, Clifford S, et al. Global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in people living with HIV: systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation. 2018;138(11):1100–12. - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources