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. 2025 Jul 1;25(1):1114.
doi: 10.1186/s12885-025-14509-x.

Combined association of systemic inflammatory response index and prognostic nutritional index with survival among US cancer survivors

Bingqing Luo  1 , Xiaoyan Tan  1 , Lin Chen  1 , Kang Zhou  1 , Shifeng Lou  2
Affiliations

Combined association of systemic inflammatory response index and prognostic nutritional index with survival among US cancer survivors

Bingqing Luo et al. BMC Cancer. .

Abstract

Background: Systemic inflammation and nutritional status play critical roles in determining clinical outcomes across multiple disease entities, particularly malignancies. Significantly, these two pathophysiological factors exhibit dynamic interplay through shared pathobiological mechanisms. This study sought to investigate the independent and combined prognostic capacity of the systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) in predicting all-cause, cancer-specific, and non-cancer mortality among cancer survivors.

Methods: Utilizing the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2005 to 2018, 3,289 adult cancer survivors (weighted population: 20,795,493) were analyzed. Restricted cubic splines (RCS) delineated mortality risk nonlinearity. Survival trajectories were assessed via Kaplan-Meier (KM) analysis with complex survey adjustments. Weighted Cox proportional hazards models quantified independent and joint associations.

Results: Eight hundred seventy-four deaths were identified over a median follow-up of 6.5 years. By RCS analyses, SIRI exhibited a linear association with all-cause mortality, whereas PNI demonstrated a nonlinear relationship with all-cause mortality. Weighted Cox regression analysis demonstrated increased all-cause, cancer-specific, and non-cancer mortality risks in cancer survivors with high-SIRI or with undernutrition (PNI ≤ 48). Joint analysis showed that cancer survivors with concurrent high-SIRI and undernutrition had the highest risk for all-cause (HR 3.169, 95%CI 2.324-4.321), cancer-specific (HR 2.578, 95%CI 1.308-5.080) and non-cancer (HR 2.197, 95%CI 1.480-3.261) mortality, respectively, relative to the reference group with concurrent low-SIRI and PNI > 48. Subgroup and interaction analysis confirmed the stability of the core results.

Conclusion: SIRI and PNI emerged as independent prognostic predictors with synergistic mortality prediction capacity in cancer survivors. Cancer survivors with concurrent high level of systemic inflammation and poor nutritional status was associated with the highest mortality risk for all-cause, cancer-specific, and non-cancer.

Keywords: Cancer survivors; NHANES; Prognostic nutritional index; Systemic inflammatory response index.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The protocols of NHANES were approved by the institutional review board of the National Center for Health Statistics, CDC ( https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes/irba98.htm ). All participants provided written consent after being fully informed. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Inflammatory-Nutritional status distribution in cancer survivors A Prognostic nutritional index (PNI) distribution stratified by systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) tertiles. B Temporal trends in undernutrition prevalence (PNI ≤ 48) across NHANES survey cycles (2005–2018). Error bars: 95% CIs; data weighted per NHANES analytic guidelines
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
SIRI association with all-cause mortality A Restricted cubic spline analysis of SIRI-mortality dose-response relationship (likelihood ratio test). B Weighted Kaplan-Meier survival curves by SIRI tertiles (log-rank test, P < 0.001). Shaded regions: 95% confidence bands. SIRI, systemic inflammatory response index
Fig. 3
Fig. 3
Temporal predictive performance of inflammatory biomarkers A Time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) predicting all-cause mortality at 3/5/10-year intervals. B Comparative time-dependent area under the curve (AUC) analysis of SIRI versus established inflammatory indices (SII, NLR, PLR) for mortality prediction. SII, systemic immune inflammation index; NLR, neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio; PLR, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio
Fig. 4
Fig. 4
Prognostic nutritional index (PNI) association with all-cause mortality A Restricted cubic spline analysis of PNI-mortality dose-response relationship (likelihood ratio test). B Weighted Kaplan-Meier survival curves by PNI strata (log-rank test, P < 0.001). Shaded regions: 95% confidence bands
Fig. 5
Fig. 5
Joint association of systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI) with A all-cause, B cancer-specific, and C non-cancer mortality among cancer survivors
Fig. 6
Fig. 6
Subgroup and interaction analysis. Forest plots for all-cause mortality risk: Low-SIRI/PNI > 48 vs. Intermediate-high-SIRI/PNI ≤ 48. The likelihood ratio test is used in the interaction analysis (all P > 0.05). SIRI, systemic inflammatory response index; PNI, prognostic nutritional index; DM, diabetes mellitus; CVD, cardiovascular disease
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