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. 2025 Jul 1;13(1):716.
doi: 10.1186/s40359-025-03070-8.

Psychometric validation and measurement invariance of the self-compassion scale-short form (SCS-SF) across gender, clinical population, and cultures

Engin Büyüköksüz  1 , Işıl Tekin  2 , Serkan Arıkan  3 , Şengül İlkay  4 , Atılgan Erözkan  5
Affiliations

Psychometric validation and measurement invariance of the self-compassion scale-short form (SCS-SF) across gender, clinical population, and cultures

Engin Büyüköksüz et al. BMC Psychol. .

Abstract

Background: The concept of self-compassion, rooted in Eastern philosophies, is closely related to psychological well-being and is considered a key skill in alleviating psychological disorders. The short form (SCS-SF) of Self-Compassion Scale was developed and used by many scholars. The current study aimed to conduct an adaptation study of the SCS-SF in Turkish and to analyze its psychometric properties in clinical and non-clinical samples.

Methods: In the adaptation process, the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) for the general population (n = 545) and clinical population (n = 246) was conducted. We also investigated evidence for convergent validity (n = 274) and conducted a test-retest reliability study with a sample of 53 participants. Additionally, we evaluated the measurement invariance of the SCS-SF across different gender groups, clinical versus non-clinical samples, and cross-cultural samples (comparing Türkiye and the USA, with a sample size of 125 in the USA).

Results: Confirmatory factor analysis showed a six-factor model for the non-clinical sample, yielding fit indices of TLI = 0.920, CFI = 0.953, and RMSEA = 0.095. Also, the six-factor model exhibited a good fit for the clinical sample, with TLI = 0.968, CFI = 0.981, and RMSEA = 0.045. Reliability analysis indicated Cronbach's alpha values were between 0.77 and 0.88, alongside a strong test-retest reliability coefficient of r = 0.878 (p < 0.001). Furthermore, measurement invariance was confirmed across clinical and non-clinical groups, as well as across gender groups and among Turkish and American cultural contexts, thereby affirming the scale's applicability across varied populations.

Conclusion: The adapted SCS-SF scores demonstrated good reliability. The CFA showed a six-dimensional structure and there was evidence for convergent validity and measurement invariance across gender groups as well as between samples from the USA and Türkiye. Consequently, the current study indicates that the adaptation was successful, and the Turkish version can be used for both clinical and non-clinical samples. However, limitations include the reliance on self-report measures and potential cultural bias in the interpretation of self-compassion constructs.

Keywords: Culture; Measurement invariance; Reliability; SCS-SF; Self-compassion; Türkiye; USA; Validity.

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Conflict of interest statement

Declarations. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Conflict of interest: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. Ethics approval: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of Istanbul Okan University (Date 27.04.2022; Protocol number: 154). Consent to participate: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent for publication: The participant has consented to the submission of the case report to the journal. I confirm that the manuscript has been not submitted to any journal and is not published, in press, or submitted elsewhere. Not Applicable.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1
Standardized factor loadings of the items for non-clinical sample
Fig. 2
Fig. 2
Standardized factor loadings of the items for clinical sample
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