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. 2025 Jul 1;15(28):22534-22545.
doi: 10.1039/d5ra01948f. eCollection 2025 Jun 30.

Alginate integrated sodium ferrite nanocomposite-based dispersive solid-phase extraction for trace detection of metal ions in water and juices

Saima Perveen  1   2 , Aysen Hol  1 , Jameel Ahmed Baig  2 , Syed Tufail Hussain Sherazi  2 , Shahabuddin Memon  2 , Tasneem Gul Kazi  2 , Mohsin Kazi  3 , Khalid Hussain Thebo  4 , Khalil Akhtar  2
Affiliations

Alginate integrated sodium ferrite nanocomposite-based dispersive solid-phase extraction for trace detection of metal ions in water and juices

Saima Perveen et al. RSC Adv. .

Abstract

In this work sodium ferrite nanoparticles (Na2Fe4O7-NPs) were synthesized through a sol-gel green synthesis process using an aqueous extract of tamarind fruit and then combined with sodium alginate to synthesize composite AG/Na2Fe4O7-NC. The synthesized nanoparticles and the composite were characterized by advanced analytical techniques to study crystalline behaviour, morphology, surface charge, and size distribution. AG/Na2Fe4O7-NC was employed to develop a novel dispersive solid-phase extraction (DSPE) method for the simultaneous detection of heavy metals (HMs), including Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb, by flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Various experimental factors, including pH, nanocomposite dose, sample volume, eluent composition, eluent concentration, and eluent volume, were examined to maximize efficiency. The developed AG/Na2Fe4O7-NC based DSPE method showed limits of detection (LODs) of 0.6, 0.2, 4.9, 1.0, 6.0, and 0.1 ng L-1 for Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb, respectively, with a preconcentration factor of 250. The accuracy of the method was validated using certified reference material (CRM), yielding excellent recovery rates between 97.1% and 98.7%. This developed method was successfully applied to measure HMs in tap water and fruit juice samples. The AG/Na2Fe4O7-NC enhance the adsorption efficiency of the developed DSPE method and makes it a powerful tool for analyzing trace metals in environmental and food safety applications.

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Conflict of interest statement

All of the authors stated that they had no known financial or personal conflicts of interest that would have influenced research studies.

Figures

Fig. 1
Fig. 1. (a) X-ray diffraction spectrum (b) Fourier transform infrared spectrum (c) zeta potential histogram and (d) zeta size histogram of AG/Na2Fe4O7-NC.
Fig. 2
Fig. 2. SEM image of synthesized (a) Na2Fe4O7-NPs and (b) AG/Na2Fe4O7-NC.
Fig. 3
Fig. 3. (a) EDS and (b) BET of synthesized AG/Na2Fe4O7-NC.
Fig. 4
Fig. 4. Optimization of (a) pH, (b) adsorbent dose, (c) sample volume, and (d) eluent composition on the recoveries of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb using AG/Na2Fe4O7-NC based developed DSPE method.
Fig. 5
Fig. 5. Optimization of (a) eluent concentration and (b) eluent volume on the recoveries of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb using AG/Na2Fe4O7-NC based developed DSPE method.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

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