Microwave-assisted extraction of phytochemicals from Piper betle L.: Optimization, characterization, and bioactivity evaluation

Tripti Singh¹, Zaryab Shafi¹, Rahul Singh², Bhawna Bisht³, Krishna Kumar Yadav^{4

5}, Jari S Algethami^{6

7}, Ghadah Shukri Albakri⁸, Maha Awjan Alreshidi⁹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India.
² Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India.
³ Department of Food Science & Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, India.
⁴ Department of VLSI Microelectronics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai-602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
⁵ Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq.
⁶ Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre (AMNRC), Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Department of Teaching and Learning, College of Education and Human development, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81441, Saudi Arabia.

PMID: 40606746
PMCID: PMC12221380
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102672

Microwave-assisted extraction of phytochemicals from Piper betle L.: Optimization, characterization, and bioactivity evaluation

Tripti Singh et al. Food Chem X. 2025.

. 2025 Jun 17:29:102672.

doi: 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102672. eCollection 2025 Jul.

Authors

Tripti Singh¹, Zaryab Shafi¹, Rahul Singh², Bhawna Bisht³, Krishna Kumar Yadav^{4

5}, Jari S Algethami^{6

7}, Ghadah Shukri Albakri⁸, Maha Awjan Alreshidi⁹

Affiliations

¹ Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India.
² Department of Bioengineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India.
³ Department of Food Science & Technology, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University), Dehradun 248002, India.
⁴ Department of VLSI Microelectronics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Chennai-602105, Tamil Nadu, India.
⁵ Environmental and Atmospheric Sciences Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah, Thi-Qar 64001, Iraq.
⁶ Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Najran University, P.O. Box 1988, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia.
⁷ Advanced Materials and Nano-Research Centre (AMNRC), Najran University, Najran 11001, Saudi Arabia.
⁸ Department of Teaching and Learning, College of Education and Human development, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
⁹ Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Ha'il, Ha'il 81441, Saudi Arabia.

PMID: 40606746
PMCID: PMC12221380
DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2025.102672

Abstract

This study aimed to enhance the phytochemical yield from Piper betel L. leaves by optimizing microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) parameters using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized conditions were found to be 239.6 W (microwave power), 1.58 min (extraction time), and 1:22 (solid-to-solvent ratio). Under these conditions, the extract yield was 8.92 %, with a total phenolic content (TPC) of 77.98 mg GAE/g, total flavonoid content (TFC) of 38.99 mg QUE/g, antioxidant activity of 62.95 %, and chlorophyll content of 42.02 mg/mL. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including phytol and neophytadiene. Structural analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed substantial cellular disruption, confirming efficient extraction. Furthermore, the extract demonstrated strong antibacterial activity against E. coli, B. cereus, K. pneumoniae, and B. pumilus. These findings underscore the effectiveness of optimized MAE in extracting potent phytochemicals from betel leaves, reinforcing its potential in natural product development and therapeutic applications.

Keywords: Antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity; Bioactive compounds; Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE); Piper betel L.; Response surface methodology (RSM).

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Figures

Unlabelled Image — **Graphical abstract**

**Fig. 1**
Effect of various independent factors on betel leaf extract yield: (a) Influence of power and time; (b) Influence of solid-liquid ratio and power; (c) Influence of solid: solvent ratio and time.

**Fig. 2**
Effect of various independent factors on TPC extracted from betel leaf: (a) Influence of power and time; (b) Influence of solid-liquid ratio and time; (c) Influence of solid: solvent ratio and power.

**Fig. 3**
Effect of various independent factors on TFC extracted from betel leaf: (a) Influence of power and time; (b) Influence of solid-liquid ratio and time; (c) Influence of solid: solvent ratio and power

**Fig. 4**
Effect of various independent factors on antioxidant activity of betel leaf extract: (a) Influence of power and time; (b) Influence of solid-liquid ratio and time; (c) Influence of solid: solvent ratio and power

**Fig. 5**
Effect of various independent factors on chlorophyll content of betel leaf extract: (a) Influence of power and time; (b) Influence of solid-liquid ratio and time; (c) Influence of solid: solvent ratio and power.

**Fig. 6**
FTIR spectrum of betel leaf extract

**Fig. 7**
SEM analysis of betel leaf under optimal microwave extraction conditions

See this image and copyright information in PMC

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Microwave-assisted extraction of phytochemicals from Piper betle L.: Optimization, characterization, and bioactivity evaluation

Affiliations

Microwave-assisted extraction of phytochemicals from Piper betle L.: Optimization, characterization, and bioactivity evaluation

Authors

Affiliations

Abstract

Conflict of interest statement

Figures

References

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