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. 2025 Jul;15(7):e70648.
doi: 10.1002/brb3.70648.

Dark Future: Development and Initial Validation of Artificial Intelligence Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (AICBS)

Chung-Ying Lin  1   2   3   4 , Julia Brailovskaia  5   6 , Servet Üztemur  7 , Ali Gökalp  8 , Nail Değirmenci  9 , Po-Ching Huang  10 , I-Hua Chen  11 , Mark D Griffiths  12 , Amir H Pakpour  13
Affiliations

Dark Future: Development and Initial Validation of Artificial Intelligence Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (AICBS)

Chung-Ying Lin et al. Brain Behav. 2025 Jul.

Abstract

Background: In the past few years, the rapid development of artificial intelligence (AI) and its success in many areas of everyday life have attracted global attention. Some discussions have noted that generative AI tools can make decisions on their own with the potential to improve themselves. Subsequently, conspiracy theories have emerged concerning the future implications of AI. In the present study, the Artificial Intelligence Conspiracy Beliefs Scale (AICBS) was developed to assess conspiracy beliefs concerning AI, andits psychometric properties were examined.

Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted with 788 Turkish participants (Mage = 25.10 years, 56% female). The sample was split to carry out an exploratory factor analysis (EFA; n = 423) and a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA; n = 365), resulting in a 30-item scale comprising five subdimensions.

Results: The five-factor structure explained 62.58% of the total variance. The CFA showed acceptable model fit indices and confirmed the EFA's five-factor structure. Based on the EFA's factor loadings, a short five-item version of the AICBS (AICBS-5) was developed with one item from each subdimension (which explained 45.28% of the variance). The CFA confirmed the unidimensional structure of the AICBS-5. The internal consistency coefficients of the AICBS, its subdimensions, and the AICBS-5 demonstrated very good reliability. Correlation analyses with external criterion measures (AI Anxiety Scale, Generic Conspiracist Beliefs Scale-5, and Anomie) supported the concurrent validity of the AICBS, its subdimensions, and the AICBS-5.

Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that both AICBS and AICBS-5 are valid and reliable psychometric instruments to assess AI conspiracy beliefs.

Keywords: artificial intelligence; artificial intelligence conspiracy theories; conspiracy theories; generative artificial intelligence; psychometric testing; scale development.

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Conflict of interest statement

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

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