Skip to main page content
U.S. flag

An official website of the United States government

Dot gov

The .gov means it’s official.
Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.

Https

The site is secure.
The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.

Access keys NCBI Homepage MyNCBI Homepage Main Content Main Navigation
. 2025 Jul 1;11(3):e002358.
doi: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002358. eCollection 2025.

Fine particulate matter, physical activity and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Chinese adults

Wei Li  1 , Wei Luo  1 , Shuai Guo  1 , Yunxiao Yang  1 , Jiayi Yi  1 , Chen Li  1 , Geng Shen  1 , Hai Gao  1
Affiliations

Fine particulate matter, physical activity and cardiovascular disease in middle-aged and older Chinese adults

Wei Li et al. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med. .

Abstract

Objectives: This study aimed to estimate the combined effects of long-term fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure and physical activity (PA) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and to assess whether the cardiovascular benefits of PA outweigh the potential adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure.

Methods: Data were obtained from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study and the ChinaHighAirPollutants datasets. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the independent and combined effects of PA and long-term PM2.5 exposure on CVD. Interaction analyses were conducted to determine whether the cardiovascular effects of PM2.5 or PA were modified by each other.

Results: PA was negatively associated with CVD risk. Each IQR increase in PA significantly reduced the risk of CVD by 10% (HR=0.90, 95% CI 0.83 to 0.98). While PM2.5 exposure was positively associated with CVD, a 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 significantly increased 5% risk of CVD (HR=1.05, 95% CI 1.00 to 1.09). Compared with participants with high PA and low PM2.5 exposure, those with low PA and high PM2.5 exposure had the highest risk of CVD (HR=1.56, 95% CI 1.15 to 2.13). Long-term PM2.5 exposure increased the risk of CVD in participants with low and moderate PAs, but not high PA.

Conclusion: The beneficial effects of high levels of PA may mitigate the detrimental effects of PM2.5 exposure, indicating that PA is an effective strategy for reducing the risk of CVD, even among individuals living in areas with elevated PM2.5 concentrations.

Keywords: Cardiovascular; Environment; Physical activity.

PubMed Disclaimer

Conflict of interest statement

None declared.

Figures

Figure 1
Figure 1. Flow chart for participant selection. PA, physical activity.
Figure 2
Figure 2. The combined effects of PA and long-term exposure to PM2.5 on the development ofCVD. P values, HRs and 95% CIs from Cox regression were adjusted for age, sex, smoking status, drinking status, educational level, marital status, occupation, residence, BMI, hypertension and diabetes.BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; PA, physical activity; PM2.5, fine particulate matter.
See this image and copyright information in PMC

References

    1. Wang H, Zhang H, Zou Z. Changing profiles of cardiovascular disease and risk factors in China: a secondary analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Chin Med J. 2023;136:2431–41. doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002741. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Huang Q, Jiang Z, Shi B, et al. Characterisation of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence and machine learning risk prediction in middle-aged and elderly populations: data from the China health and retirement longitudinal study (CHARLS) BMC Public Health . 2025;25:518. doi: 10.1186/s12889-025-21609-7. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Hu S-S, The Writing Committee Of The Report On Cardiovascular Health And Diseases In China Report on cardiovascular health and diseases in China 2021: an updated summary. J Geriatr Cardiol. 2023;20:399–430. doi: 10.26599/1671-5411.2023.06.001. - DOI - PMC - PubMed
    1. Lederer AM, Fredriksen PM, Nkeh-Chungag BN, et al. Cardiovascular effects of air pollution: current evidence from animal and human studies. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol . 2021;320:H1417–39. doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00706.2020. - DOI - PubMed
    1. Jalali S, Karbakhsh M, Momeni M, et al. Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and cardiovascular disease incidence and mortality in an Eastern Mediterranean country: findings based on a 15-year cohort study. Environ Health. 2021;20:112. doi: 10.1186/s12940-021-00797-w. - DOI - PMC - PubMed

LinkOut - more resources